OBJECTIVE To compare the ages, by gender, at which normally developing children acquire individual toilet-training skills and to describe the typical sequence by which children achieve complete toileting success. METHODS A longitudinal survey was conducted of a cohort of children who were 15 to 42 months of age and attending 4 pediatric practices in the Milwaukee area (2 inner city and 2 subu...

A prospective survey of social mixing patterns relevant to respiratory disease transmission by large droplets (e.g., influenza) or small droplet nuclei (e.g., tuberculosis) was performed in a South African township in 2010. A total of 571 randomly selected participants recorded the numbers, times, and locations of close contacts (physical/nonphysical) and indoor casual contacts met daily. The m...

BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a rising global threat to public health and concerted efforts for its treatment are diluted if the outcomes are not successful, loss to follow up (LFU) being one of them. It is therefore necessary to know the proportion and the associated reasons for LFU and devise effective patient-centered strategies to improve retention in care. METHO...

BACKGROUND User fees have been shown to constitute a major barrier to the utilisation of health-care, particularly in low-income countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Importantly, such barriers can lead to the exclusion of vulnerable individuals from health-care. In 2008, a donor-funded primary health-care programme began implementing user fee subsidisation in 20 health zone...

BACKGROUND There are key gaps in the production and dissemination of evidence-based tobacco control research in developing countries. In India, limited research has been made to address and understand the function, constitution, thematic areas of research of a research and practice network in tobacco control. This study aimed to identify priority areas that were agreed by stakeholders for build...

Methods Patients diagnosed of Juvenile dermatomyositis in La Fe Hospital (Valencia, Spain) since June 1992 to March 2013. Dates are shown in median and interquartile range for non-parametric variables, and for parametric variables is given as mean and standard deviation. To assess response to treatment, we used Wilcoxon test for paired measures of non-parametric variables and t-student for para...

High-dependency units are increasing in number and becoming an ever more important part of a hospital's facilities. The optimum staffing ratio is unknown, but the Department of Health and the Intensive Care Society recommend a level of one nurse to two patients. We recorded Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 scores and Nurse Dependency Scores for all admissions to our adult, general hig...

A number of indices exist to calculate lifespan variation, each with different underlying properties. Here, we present new formulae for the response of seven of these indices to changes in the underlying mortality schedule (life disparity, Gini coefficient, standard deviation, variance, Theil's index, mean logarithmic deviation, and interquartile range). We derive each of these indices from an ...

Pertussis cases have been increasing in the United States for the past 40 years. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is now the preferred method of diagnosis, but little is known about duration of PCR positivity. We conducted a pilot study using serial B pertussis PCR testing to determine duration of PCR positivity. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis suggested a median duration of 58 days (inte...

OBJECTIVES This study was performed to obtain the clinicodemographic data regarding patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) treated at oral-maxillofacial medicine clinics, as there is a paucity of such information in the Asian setting. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective multicenter study involving clinicodemographic information of 320 patients with TN diagnosed between 2001 and 2012 at eight regional...