at higher layers in our architecture. This means that a monitoring module is replicated at the lowest layer, but controlled at the synthesizing module level. If, for example, one replica of a monitoring module fails, the controlling function in the layer above might still obtain results from the other two replicas when a time-out occurs (Hartvigsen and Johansen, 1990a). A third motivation in ou...

This study is conducted to investigate the relationship among international trade, financial development and economic growth in Pakistan. The ADF and PP tests are used to check the order of integration of the variables and Johansen co-integration methodology is employed to investigate the long run relationship among these variables. The direction of causality between variable is tested by Grang...

The study examined the relationship between Budget deficit and Trade deficit for the economy of Pakistan. Time series data was used from the period 1972 to 2011. Augmented Dickey Fuller Test used to check the stationary of the variables and found that all variables were stationary at first difference. Johansen Co-integration used to find the long relationship and found that budget deficit has p...

This paper examines the relationships among Hangseng index and its related derivatives in a bear market. The Johansen Co-integration and vector error correction model are used to analyze the relationships between markets. The main results are as follows: 1) The lead-lag relationships show that Hangseng index futures and option markets play a more important price discovery role; 2) The pricing e...

This paper investigates the simultaneous causal relationship between investments in information and communication technology (ICT) and foreign direct investment (FDI), with reference to its implications on economic growth. For the empirical analysis we use data from 23 major countries with heterogeneous economics development for the period 1976–99. The results of unit roots and Johansen co-inte...

The present paper explores the relationships between two commodity market indicators and stock market in India using daily time series data of 2 nd January 1991 – 31 st December 2012 comprising 5321 observations in the midst of employing Johansen co integration approach and Granger causality method. During the last two decades, both crude oil price and gold price (except 1997-2001) have been in...

Foreign trade or international is one of the key indicators country’s economic growth. Economic development considered as major concerns for any developing countries like India. India’s foreign plays a pivotal role in ascertaining performance GDP growth country.The present study examines relationship between export, import, openness and growthof India using secondary sources from 1997-2021colle...

The objective of the paper is to ascertain the influence of shares derivatives trading on the Malaysian stock market. Johansen-Juselius’ co-integration test reveals signs of increasing integration between these cash and futures markets over time. The Granger causality test indicates that the stock index futures Granger causes the cash index with no feedback in the reverse direction during perio...

This paper investigates the simultaneous causal relationship between investments in information and communication technology (ICT) and foreign direct investment (FDI), with reference to its implications on economic growth. For the empirical analysis we use data from 23 major countries with heterogeneous economics development for the period 1976–99. The results of unit roots and Johansen co-inte...

Abstract—The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship among the key macroeconomic variables and Islamic stock market in India. This study is based on the time series data of financial years 2009-2015 to explore the consistency of relationship between macroeconomic variables and Shariah Indices. The ADF (Augmented Dickey–Fuller Test Statistic) and PP (Phillips–Perron Test Statist...