Acromioclavicular (AC) joint instability is a common source of pain and disability. The injury is most commonly a result of a direct impact to the AC joint. The AC joint is surrounded by a capsule and has an intra-articular synovium and an articular cartilage interface. An articular disc is usually present in the joint, but this varies in size and shape. The AC joint capsule is quite thin, but ...

The goal of this article is to present a concise review of the current concepts of shoulder instability. This chapter supplements the radiologic assessment of glenohumeral instability, which follows this section.

PURPOSE To review the anatomy of the shoulder joint and of the physiology of glenohumeral stability is essential to manage correctly shoulder instability. METHODS It was reviewed a large number of recently published research studies related to the shoulder instability that received a higher Level of Evidence grade. RESULTS It is reviewed the bony anatomy, the anatomy and function of the lig...

INTRODUCTION Lateral ankle sprains belong to the most common injuries in sports and can result in chronic ankle instability (CAI) with residual symptoms like recurrent ankle sprains, ‘givingway’, pain or swelling [1]. In order to develop effective preventive and rehabilitative measures against lateral ankle sprains and CAI, it is important to get a detailed understanding of the related injury m...

BACKGROUND The glenohumeral joint is a ball-and-socket joint that is inherently unstable and thus, susceptible to dislocation. The traditional and most common anatomic finding is the Bankart lesion (anterior-inferior capsule labral complex avulsion), but there is a wide variety of anatomic alterations that can cause shoulder instability or may be present as a concomitant injury or in combinatio...