Doping controls are carried out in all international mega sports organizations such as the Olympic Games to determine use of doping. Prevention doping is by "Anti-doping Organization", WADA, which has an participation structure. However, issues doping, agents, and using methods attract attention researchers. The research aims analyze scientific publications between 1980 2021 make a holistic ana...

A comprehensive drug testing program was carried out during the 16 days of the 1988 Olympic Winter Games in Calgary, Canada. State-of-the-art technology was applied, involving high-resolution gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, fluorescence polarization immunoassay, and radioimmunoassay. Samples from selected athletes were screened f...

Protection of the athletes' health is a clearly articulated objective of the International Olympic Committee. Longitudinal surveillance of injuries and illnesses can provide valuable data that may identify high-risk sports and disciplines. This is a foundation for introducing tailored preventive measures. During the XXIX Summer and XXI Winter Games, comprehensive injury and illness recording th...

In July 2005, London was awarded the right to host the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The decision of the International Olympic Committee triggered considerable public enthusiasm across the UK. At the same time, it also created a host of logistical and technical challenges. Amongst these the first concern is to ensure the safety and security of competitors and of the public. This paper exte...

The present research employed seven motivational factors to delineate sports-event volunteer segments for the 2012 London Olympic Games. The investigators conducted a survey of 11,421 volunteers in the 2012 London Olympic Games and used the factor-clustering method to identify three distinct segments (i.e., the obligated, the enthusiastic, and the semi-enthusiastic). In addition, these segments...