A concise and factual abstract is required. The should state briefly the purpose of research, principal results major conclusions. An often presented separately from article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References avoided, but if essential, then cite author(s) year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations essential they defined at their first mention in itself. A...

While the present tense is typically taken to index the reference time to the time of utterance, such a restriction cannot capture noncanonical uses of the present in English, such as the historical present or play-by-play present. We adopt a bicontextual semantics for present tense, in which the two time coordinates are mediated by pragmatics, allowing us to bring canonical, narrative, and pla...

R. E. Thayer (1989) proposed 2 types of activation: energetic arousal (awake-tired) and tense arousal (tense-calm). This view has been challenged by claims that energetic arousal and tense arousal are mixtures of valence and a single activation dimension. The authors present a direct test of this hypothesis by computing the correlation between the residuals of energetic arousal and tense arousa...

Backshift is a phenomenon affecting verb tense that is visible as a mismatch between some specific embedded contexts and other environments. For instance, the indirect speech equivalent of a sentence like Kim likes reading, with a present tense verb, may show the same verb in a past tense form, as in Sandy said Kim liked reading. We present a general analysis of backshift, pooling data from Eng...