On January 17, 2021, two vaccines were approved by ANVISA for emergency use to help combat COVID-19: Coronavac and Covishield/Oxford. The first vaccine is composed of inactivated (killed) viruses, was produced the Chinese company Sinovac in Brazil, will be Butantã Institute (São Paulo). second an adenovirus non-replicating viral vector pharmaceutical Serum India partnership with AstraZeneca/Oxf...

Vaccination remains the most cost-effective biomedical approach to the control of infectious diseases in livestock. Vaccines based on killed pathogens or subunit antigens are safer but are often ineffective and require coadministration with adjuvants to achieve efficacy. Unfortunately, most conventional adjuvants are poorly defined, complex substances that fail to meet the stringent criteria fo...

Anti-vaccine sentiment found fertile soil in the US, where the ethos of individual responsibility often clashed with public health programs based on collective norms. As Allen notes, Americans remained suspicious of calls for mandatory vaccination. What kept vaccine opponents on the defensive, however, were the rapid breakthroughs in medicine and public health. Jenner's triumph was followed by ...

Salmonella enterica can be considered as one of the most important causes of foodpoisoning with poultry thought to be the main source. Although S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and the vast majority of other Salmonella serovars generally produce little systemic disease in adult chickens, they are able to colonize the alimentary tract of poultry. The two caeca are the main sites of the colonizatio...

As the disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to be a burden, there is a concerted effort to find new vaccines to combat this problem. One of the important vaccine strategies is whole bacterial vaccines. This approach relies on multiple antigens and built-in adjuvanticity. Other mycobacterial strains which share cross-reactive antigens with M. tuberculosis have been considered a...

Vaccination of mice with either Formalin-killed cells or cell extracts of a virulent strain and a weakly virulent strain of Vibrio vulnificus or with rabbit antisera (AS) against the Formalin-killed cells and cell extracts protected against the virulent strain of V. vulnificus. However, the virulent strain vaccines and AS elicited a significantly stronger immune response than the weakly virulen...