Ronald Bachmann, Gökay Demir and Hanna Frings Bachmann is head of the research unit “Labor Markets, Education, Population” at RWI–Leibniz Institute for Economic Research in Essen, Germany, adjunct professor labor economics Düsseldorf Competition Economics (DICE) Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Fellow IZA. researcher RWI Düsseldorf. deputy

introduction: regarding to the recent advances in assisted reproductive techniques (art), twin and multiple pregnancies have increased during past years. objective: this study was performed to compare obstetrics and perinatal outcomes of dichorionic twin pregnancy following art with spontaneous pregnancy. materials and methods: in this cross-sectional study which was performed in ghaem hospital...

A cap on greenhouse gas emissions makes total emissions a fixed commonproperty resource. Population increases under a cap are therefore self-limiting: a population increase raises labor and reduces emissions per unit of labor, which lowers incomes and fertility. Because a marginal birth under a cap lowers all incomes, a cap induces a negative population externality. The externality is substanti...

We describe the evolution of productivity growth in a competitive industry with free entry and exit. The exogenous wage rate determines the firms’ engagement in labor productivity enhancing process innovation. There is a unique steady state of the industry dynamics, which is globally asymptotically stable. In the steady state, the number of active firms, their unit labor cost and supply depend ...

BACKGROUND This study compared the estimated costs and times required for ABO/Rh(D) typing and unexpected antibody screening using an automated system and manual methods. METHODS The total cost included direct and labor costs. Labor costs were calculated on the basis of the average operator salaries and unit values (minutes), which was the hands-on time required to test one sample. To estimat...

We describe the evolution of productivity growth in a competitive industry with free entry and exit. The exogenous wage rate determines the firms’ engagement in labor productivity enhancing process innovation. There is a unique steady state of the industry dynamics, which is globally asymptotically stable. In the steady state, the number of active firms, their unit labor cost and supply depend ...

research and developmentexpenditure (r&d;) in new literature plays an important role in economic growth. investment in r&d;, increases level of knowledge and enhanced knowledge, increase production efficiency and from efficiency channel economic growth improves. many studies have been done on the r&d; not used unit of data for this variable. this is due to a lack of labor and the level of inves...

background & aim:  high-risk pregnancies increase the risk of intensive care unit (icu) and neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) admission in mothers and their newborns. in this study, we aimed to identify the association between the recurrence of high-risk pregnancy and mothers’ previous experience of having an infant admitted to nicu. methods:we performed a cohort, retrospective study to compa...

where Q is the firm’s output, K is quantity of the firm’s capital input and L is the quantity of the firm’s labor input. The constants, α, β and A are all positive and we also assume that α+ β = 1. If the prices per unit of capital and labor are pK and pL, respectively, and the firm’s production budget is B, then how should the firm allocate its budget to maximize its output? The constraint in ...

Push or Pull? Drivers of Female Labor Force Participation during India’s Economic Boom In the past twenty years, India’s economy has grown at increasing rates and now belongs to the fastest-growing economies in the world. This paper examines drivers of female labor force participation in urban India between 1987 and 2004, showing a much more nuanced picture of female labor force participation t...