The Gulf of Bothnia is a shallow, elongate basin dividing Sweden and Finland, and is located in the centre of the terrain formerly occupied by the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS). It is considered to have hosted a variety of different glaci-dynamic environments during the evolution of the FIS, but direct glacial geological or geomorphological evidence from the Gulf itself is almost entirely lacki...

Topographic attributes (TAs) play an important role in quantitatively describing the characteristics of landform and its structure. At present, TAs are classified from different views by many scientists being from various fields. However, there are still some urgent problems that need to be clarified about TAs. The relationships and differences of various TAs are not revealed and a mature, wide...

Characterization of soil water content (SWC) profiles at catchment scale has profound implications for understanding hydrological processes of the terrestrial water cycle, thereby contributing to sustainable water management and ecological restoration in arid and semi-arid regions. This study described the vertical profiles of SWC at the small catchment scale on the hilly and gully Loess Platea...

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Mangrove forests are dynamic ecosystems found along low-lying coastal plains tropical, subtropical, and some warm-temperate coasts, predominantly on tidal flats fringing deltas, estuaries, bays, oceanic atolls. These landforms present varied hydrodynamic geomorphological settings for mangroves to persist could influence the extent of within-site propagule transport subsequent local regeneration...

In this study, we consider a critical challenge in architectural design methodology-methods of form making landform architecture. Based on the authors’ methodology, approaches and methods are specified systematized, depending algorithm form-making process basic principles building composition. The to making, including image-based, generative, functional determined. within framework image-based ...