The study proposed a maintenance rating program (MRP) in Taiwan which combines the methods of DEcision MAking Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) to evaluate maintenance activities accurately. In the view of the provincial and county roads in Taiwan, DEMATEL was employed to compute the effects between criteria through experts’ interviews and questionnair...

In a greening Arctic, Iceland stands out as an area with very high increases in the AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI, 1982–2010). We investigated the possible sources of this anomalous greening in Iceland’s dynamic landscape, analyzing changes due to volcanism and warming temperatures, and the effects of agricultural and industrial land use changes. The analysis showed the inc...

The complexity of biomolecular interactions and influences is a major obstacle to their comprehension and elucidation. Visualizing knowledge of biomolecular interactions increases comprehension and facilitates the development of new hypotheses. The rapidly changing landscape of high-content experimental results also presents a challenge for the maintenance of comprehensive knowledgebases. Distr...

The interrelationships of the fundamental biological processes natural selection, mutation, and stochastic drift are quantified by the entropy rate of Moran processes with mutation, measuring the long-run variation of a Markov process. The entropy rate is shown to behave intuitively with respect to evolutionary parameters such as monotonicity with respect to mutation probability (for the neutra...

We present a fractal technique for addressing geometric analogy problems from the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices test of general intelligence. In this method, an image is represented fractally, capturing its inherent selfsimilarity. We apply these fractal representations to problems from the Raven's test, and show how these representations afford a new method for solving complex geometri...

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We investigate the influence of fractal structure on material properties. We calculate the statistical correlation functions of fractal media defined by level-cut Gaussian random fields. This allows the modeling of both surface fractal and mass fractal materials. Variational bounds on the conductivity, diffusivity and elastic moduli of the materials are evaluated. We find that a fractally rough...

A major goal of landscape ecology is to understand the formation, dynamics, and maintenance of spatial heterogeneity. Spatial heterogeneity is the most fundamental characteristic of all landscapes, and scale multiplicity is inherent in spatial heterogeneity. Thus, multiscale analysis is imperative for understanding the structure, function and dynamics of landscapes. Although a number of methods...