A wall model for large-eddy simulation (LES) is proposed by devising the flow as a combination of building blocks. The core assumption that finite set simple canonical flows contains essential physics to predict wall-shear stress in more complex scenarios. constructed zero/favourable/adverse mean pressure gradient turbulence, separation, statistically unsteady turbulence with three-dimensionali...

A large eddy simulation wall model is developed based on a formal interpretation of quasi-equilibrium that governs the momentum balance integrated in wall-normal direction. The substitutes law-of-the-wall velocity profile for smooth surface into balance, leading to Lagrangian relaxation towards equilibrium (LaRTE) transport equation friction vector $\mathbf{u}_\tau(x,z,t)$. This partial differe...

Digital Elevation Models (DEM) are used in a wide range of applications. Several institutions worldwide are now involved in the collection of DEM data. OEMs are generally compiled at large scales (e.g. 1:25,000) with high accuracy. However, users frequently require data at different scales and for differing purposes (e.g. analysis, display etc.). To derive models at reduced scales, a generaliza...