Michigan's first commercial oil field was discovered at Port Huron, St. Clair County, in 1886. By 1910, 21 shallow wells had been completed in the Dundee formation at depths of about 500 to 650 feet. In 1910 the daily production from this field amounted to about 10 barrels of oil per day, all of which was used locally in the manufacture of lubricants. However, it was not until 1925 when the Sag...

Cladoxylopsida included the earliest large trees that formed critical components of globally transformative pioneering forest ecosystems in the Mid- and early Late Devonian (ca. 393-372 Ma). Well-known cladoxylopsid fossils include the up to ∼1-m-diameter sandstone casts known as Eospermatopteris from Middle Devonian strata of New York State. Cladoxylopsid trunk structure comprised a more-or-le...

Insecta s. str. (=Ectognatha), comprise the largest and most diversified group of living organisms, accounting for roughly half of the biodiversity on Earth. Understanding insect relationships and the specific time intervals for their episodes of radiation and extinction are critical to any comprehensive perspective on evolutionary events. Although some deeper nodes have been resolved congruent...

Pollen organ Telangiopsis sp., associated with but not attached to vegetative fronds, has been collected from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) Wutong Formation, Dongzhi County, Anhui Province, China. Fertile axes with terminal pollen organs are dichotomous for 2-4 times and may be proximally attached by fragmentary pinnules. Pollen organs are synangiate and borne on the top of a short stalk. Syna...

During the Devonian, Svalbard Archipelago lay at low latitudes, occupying a paleogeographic position intersection of Caledonian and Ellesmerian orogens. Provenance analysis, including detrital zircon U-Pb age studies, Devonian (ca. 420–360 Ma) strata from Andrée Land Basin, Svalbard, help reconstruct sediment sources to understand assembly three basement provinces that make up which are present...

Our understanding of early gnathostome evolution has been hampered by a generally scant fossil record beyond the Devonian. Recent discoveries from the late Silurian Xiaoxiang Fauna of Yunnan, China, have yielded significant new information, including the earliest articulated osteichthyan fossils from the Ludlow-aged Kuanti Formation. Here we describe the partial postcranium of a new primitive b...

Devonian-Carboniferous boundary is not clear in the Eastern Alborz Mountains. In the current study Tuyeh-Darvar section with about 170 m, thickness is selected. In this investigation, the primary goal is revision of Devonian/Carboniferous Boundary (known as DCB) and the other goal is the redefinition of the DCB as a famous necessity (based on ICS program in 2008 for defining the boundary and to...

Tumors were induced in Regional Poultry Research Laboratory line 6 chickens inoculated in the wing web with Rous sarcoma virus the Bryan high-liter strain of pseudotype, at 1, 14, and 28 days of age. Tumor regression failed to occur in chicks inoculated at 1 and 14 days of age, but an incidence of regression of 50% was observed in chicks inocu lated at 28 days of age. Chick survival time postin...

About 35 samples were collected from lower and upper parts of the proposed Frasnianamennian boundary in three sections of Upper Devonian marine sediments of the Kerman province. The biostratigraphical and geochemical studies indicate that about 45% extinction of brachiopods probably caused by the Frasnian-Famennian bioevents, which is slightly higher than thr rate of Devonian-Carboniferous exti...

An apparent absence of Silurian fishes more than half-a-metre in length has been viewed as evidence that gnathostomes were restricted in size and diversity prior to the Devonian. Here we describe the largest pre-Devonian vertebrate (Megamastax amblyodus gen. et sp. nov.), a predatory marine osteichthyan from the Silurian Kuanti Formation (late Ludlow, ~423 million years ago) of Yunnan, China, w...