the character of cosmopolitanism in e-commerce disputes is much more complicated than in normal international transactions. internet environment has created challenges and changes about the governing law of contracts in this space. this cyber space has technical and legal differences in compared with physical environment. in this paper, we intend to answer this question that in dispute arising ...

deep economic and social developments in two recent centuries beside other important alterations, created important changes in contracting aria among them placing weak and strong parties against each other in contracts. freedom of contract, that before enjoided from some kind of sancity,could not provid contractual justice in this new conditions. therefore adjustment of this tool(contract) in a...

This paper concentrates on the representation of the legal relations that obtain between parties once they have entered a contractual agreement and their evolution as the agreement progresses through time. Contracts are regarded as process and they are analysed in terms of the obligations that are active at various points during their life span. An informal notation is introduced that summarize...

Many parties can cancel an agreement or contract during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. WHO Director General, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus determined status of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) as a Pandemic This happened because government issued Presidential Decree No. 12 2020 concerning Determination Disaster Spread (COVID-19) National Disaster. The covid-19 falls into force majeure cat...

abstract title: modify and terminate the contract if financial impossibility the financial performance impossible of the contract set forth because of the financial inability of one who undertake stems from external factors and attributing to the contracting parties is impossible. in the event of financial impossibility the present procedures (based on existing regulation) the possibility of th...

Information Technology (IT) outsourcing continues to experience phenomenal growth, with an estimated market size of over $70 billion in 1998. Its adoption by some of the largest international corporations has seen outsourcing become considered a key component of the Information Management agenda. Critical to this agenda is the formulation of comprehensive contracts. For this, legal experts and/...