“obligation”, “dette” and “droit personnel” are three important and correlative legal terms in civil law that have been introduce into persian legal literature with improper translation. the failure to distinguish them from common terms in islamic jurisprudence like “dein” and “eltezam” have caused conceptual confusion between special terms of two great legal systems: civil law and islamic law....

based on a general rule in civil liability, external causes limits or excludes the liability of defendant. however, the question is that whether it is possible to applied the general rule when there are compulsory liability insurances? this paper is intended to study the subject-matter regarding traffic accidents (as one of the anticipated cases of compulsory insurances) in iranian and french l...

Abstract Legal positivists maintain that the legality of a rule is fundamentally determined by social facts. Yet for much legal history, ordinary officials used terminology in ways seem inconsistent with positivism. Judges regularly cited, analyzed, and predicated their decisions on ‘laws justice,’ which they claimed had universal import. This practice, though well-documented historians, has re...

the modern state is a renewable and evolutionary phenomenon and it cannot be evaluated so that it has single cause. therefore none of the fields of the human sciences alone cannot fully explain the emergence of the modern state without interaction with other disciplines. political superstructure in various countries, primarily influenced by the social and cultural systems of communities as the ...

Using a database of more than 8,000 companies from 35 countries, we find that the value of corporate diversification is related to the level of capital market development, integration, and legal systems. Among high-income countries, where capital markets are well developed and integrated, we find a significant diversification discount. By contrast, for the lower income and segmented countries, ...

In this paper we investigate how to represent and reason about legal abrogations and annulments in Defeasible Logic. We examine some options that embed in this setting, and in similar rule-based systems, ideas from belief and base revision. In both cases, our conclusion is negative, which suggests to adopt a different logical model. This model expresses temporal aspects of legal rules, and dist...

1: Legal decisions In the field of legal informatics research it has also been argued that knowledge based systems, and especially expert systems, could be of considerable assistance to lawyers and, therefore, many experiments have been carried out on automated advisory systems. An expert system is software that simulates the reasoning of one or more human experts (usually the author or authors...

Finding interesting symmetrical topological structures in high-dimensional systems is an important problem in statistical machine learning. Limited amount of available high-dimensional data and its sensitivity to noise pose computational challenges to find symmetry. Our paper presents a new method to find local symmetries in a low-dimensional 2-D grid structure which is embedded in high-dimensi...

protection of a sound environment is one of the most contravertioal issues of the legal and political world, and different letters are provided in this regard. but in respect of how to implement the aim of promoting and protecting the environment, the governments have utilized different legal instruments; the last of which is the concept of liability for environmental damages. level in which di...