Support for research and development in information technology is considered today as critical by most governments in the industrially advanced countries. Traditionally the way of stimulating research has been to ensure to the investor the appropriability of the returns generated. Such appropriability is typically implemented by means of the Intellectual Property Rigths. Nevertheless the protec...

BACKGROUND EU regulation 726/2004 authorises manufacturers to provide drugs to patients on a temporary basis when marketing authorisation sought centrally for the entire EU is still pending. Individual Member States retain the right to approve and implement such 'compassionate use' programmes which companies will usually provide for free. Nevertheless some companies have opted not to partake in...

On 1 May 2004 the European Union (EU) underwent unprecedented enlargement, from 15 to 25 countries, increasing its population by 20% to over 450 million. Although EU law has limited specific competence in the area of health, its influence on other policy sectors such as agriculture, trade, and employment has wide ranging implications for health. Yet with the exception of provisions on communica...

On 1 May 2004 the European Union (EU) underwent unprecedented enlargement, from 15 to 25 countries, increasing its population by 20% to over 450 million. Although EU law has limited specific competence in the area of health, its influence on other policy sectors such as agriculture, trade, and employment has wide ranging implications for health. Yet with the exception of provisions on communica...

All legal transplants are problematic, constitutional transplants especially so. And constitutional transplants for federal systems are among the most problematic of all. Still, especially in light of the apparent derailing of the EU’s Draft Constitutional Treaty, the question of the relevance of EU constitution-making for constitution-making in federal-style systems elsewhere seems nothing les...

This paper presents the results of a pioneering venture into opening up the black box of the EU judicial process and determining how the European Court of Justice and national courts work together. The project investigates the effects of certain independent variables legal system experience, issue transparency and compliance upon courts’ decisions to maneuver strategically within the referral p...

the european :union: in its policy declarations states that the respect for human rights is a requirement in its internal and external relations. for instance, accession of european countries to the :union:, enjoying its services, and even signing an agreement with non-members is dependent on the observation of human rights. in this paper, the position of human rights in the european :union: le...

In recent years, a large number of countries have made reporting under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) mandatory. The capital-market effects of this change have been extensively studied, but their sources are not yet well understood and still heavily debated. This paper presents new evidence that aims to distinguish between several potential explanations for these capital-mar...

studying juridical and legal nature of time sharing samad hazrati[1]   abstract in the modern era, which is called communication era, the effect and influence of legal systems are inevitable, since industrial development, technology, sciences and human knowledge result in  new  events in different fields such as legal regulations and vast relationships among the nations and states result in tra...