The refraction phenomenon at the interface of an ordinary material and a lossy metamaterial has been investigated. For oblique incidence on the lossy metamaterial, the planes of constant amplitude of the refracted wave are parallel to the interface and the plane of constant phases make a real angle with the interface (real refraction angle). The real refraction angle and hence, the real refract...

A longitudinal study of ocular refraction, position, and fixation was performed in children with a family history of strabismus. The children were examined at regular intervals between 3 months and 4 years of age, and the results are discussed in terms of changes in refraction between different ages and correlations between refraction and development of strabismus and amblyopia. Six of 34 child...

A rigorous theory is developed for light refraction by a photonic crystal PC with arbitrary lattice-type and surface orientation. First, the refraction of a planar wave incident upon a photonic crystal surface is analyzed. We rigorously prove the equal partition of propagating PC modes by a surface under a general condition. The concept of surface-orientation-dependent mode degeneracy has been ...

Light has a fascinating property: it always travels the path that takes least time between any two points. This is motivating property behind optical phenomena such as reflection and refraction. The unreasonable economic efficiency of light captured by single proposition: principle action (PLA) in optics. Unlike refraction, which emerge from optimizing one-dimensional function, PLA emerges an i...

Refraction at a dielectric interface can take an anomalous character in anisotropic crystals, when light is negatively refracted with incident and refracted beams emerging on the same side of the interface normal. In soft matter subject to reorientation, such as nematic liquid crystals, the nonlinear interaction with light allows tuning of the optical properties. We demonstrate that in such mat...

The law of refraction first derived by Snellius and later introduced as the Huygens-Fermat principle, states that the incidence and refracted angles of a light wave at the interface of two different materials are related to the ratio of the refractive indices in each medium. Whereas all natural materials have a positive refractive index and therefore exhibit refraction in the positive direction...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of noncycloplegic refraction compared with cycloplegic refraction in diagnosing refractive error in primary school children in southern Thailand. MATERIAL AND METHOD This is a cross-sectional study. One hundred twenty children aged from 6-13 years who had visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in at least one eye were included. All the children underwent autorefrac...

Steven R. Skinner Electrical Engineering Wichita State University Wichita, KS 67260-0044 Elizabeth C. Behrman Physics Department Wichita State University Wichita, KS 67260-0032 A training method based on a form of continuous spatially distributed optical error back-propagation is presented for an all optical network composed of nondiscrete neurons and weighted interconnections. The all optical ...

In this paper, scattering of a plane and monochromatic electromagnetic wave from a nano-wire is simulated using surface integral equations. First, integral equationsgoverning unknown fields on the surface is obtained based on Stratton-Cho surface integral equations. Then, the interaction of the wave with a non-plasmonic as well as a palsmonic nano-wire is considered. It is shown that in scatter...