Hybrid simulations with electron inertia, along with analytic scaling arguments, are presented which demonstrate that magnetic reconnection remains Alfv6nic in a collisionless system even as the macroscopic scale length of the system becomes very large. This fast reconnection is facilitated by the whistler physics present near the x-line. The reconnection rate is found to be a universal constan...

Let J(z) be regular and of exponential type less than wr in the half plane x _ 0, and let I Xn } be an increasing positive sequence of unit density such that Xn+1 -n _ 5 > 0. It is known that under suitable restrictions and with a suitable measure of growth, the growth of the sequence tf(Xn) determines the growth off(x) for real x > 0. I have established the following results. Let e(x) be a con...

Background: Toll like receptors play a major role in immune responses against Leishmania parasites. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with live attenuated L. major and TLR4 agonist in protection against L. major infection. Methods: Attenuated L. major was prepared by continuous sub-culturing of the parasite. A total of 90 mice were assigned to 9 groups including 6 groups of BAL...

In this article, we are going to talk about spatial situations. Every agent (human, camera etc.) and every proposition (lamp, object, etc.) are located in the space (here a line) and we express properties over a situation using standard epistemic logic language possibly extended with public announcements. We study links between validities of this geometrical version of epistemic logic and the s...

In §1 the authors present the basic properties of the scalar product along a curve on a Finsler manifold. In §2 they investigate the variational formulae for the p-energy functional (p ∈ R − {0}). This concept generalises the notions of length (p = 1) and energy (p = 2) of a curve. §3 analyses the extrema of p-energy when the Finsler space has constant curvature. (F3) the fundamental tensor g i...

Monte Carlo simulation is one of the best tools to study the complex spectra of Compton-thick AGNs and to figure out the relation between their nuclear structures and X-ray spectra. We have simulated X-ray spectra of Comptonthick AGNs obscured by an accretion torus whose structure is characterized by a half-opening angle, an inclination angle of the torus relative to the observer, and a column ...

We define projective GIT quotients, and introduce toric varieties from this perspective. We illustrate the definitions by exploring the relationship between toric varieties and polyhedra. Geometric invariant theory (GIT) is a theory of quotients in the category of algebraic varieties. Let X be a projective variety with ample line bundle L, and G an algebraic group acting on X, along with a lift...

A characteristic feature of wave propagation in cold plasma is the possibility that a hybrid resonance surface, along which the linearized equation for the scalar potential changes from elliptic to hyperbolic type, may be tangent to a flux surface. This property can be represented in two dimensions by setting the hybrid resonance curve tangent to the line x = 0 at the origin of coordinates. The...

(a) y′ = 1 + xy (b) y′ = −2xy (c) y′ = 1− 2xy Answer: If (b) were correct, then, when x = 0, we would have that y′ = 0. However, the slope of the tangent line is clearly positive when x = 0 in the picture, so (b) cannot be correct. If (a) were correct, then y′ would be positive for all positive values of x. However, the slope of the tangent line is clearly negative for most positive x, so (a) c...