Anode dry-out is the main mechanism identified to limit operation in an open metallic element (OME) PEFC. The fundamental water transport mechanisms in the OME PEFC were examined in order to engineer further improved performance and higher temperature operation required for efficient heat rejection. Specifically, the net water drag (NWD) was measured over a range of conditions and analyzed with...

Liquid water sorption in the longitudinal direction in wood samples of Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) was measured with computed tomography (CT) scanning and image processing and then evaluated using multivariate discriminate analysis. The purpose was to determine if there were any differences in liquid water sorption that could be dependent on the vertical position within the tree (0....

Measurements of cloud liquid water properties are important in a wide range of disciplines including climate change, numerical weather prediction (NWP) and aircraft icing. A variety of remote sensing techniques have been developed to address this need, including both visible/infrared and microwave methods. Unlike visible and infrared radiation, microwaves with frequencies of 90 GHz and less are...

The actions of nutrients on gut transit of liquids and solids have been extensively studied, but the effects of meal ingestion on intestinal gas flow are unexplored. We hypothesized that meals of varying caloric content and consistency modulate gas transit to different degrees. Nine healthy volunteers underwent jejunal perfusion of physiological gas mixtures at 12 ml.min(-1).3 h, with ingestion...

The dielectric properties of molecular layers of water bound to solid surfaces or to macromolecules are substantially different than those of free water. Consequently, determination of moisture content from dielectric properties of porous mixtures, such as soils and rocks having moderate to substantial surface area and cereal grains, is affected by the amount and energy state of bound water. We...

A simple geometric argument relating to the liquid water content of clouds is given. The phase relaxation time and the nature of the quasi-steady approximation for the diffusional growth of cloud drops are elucidated directly in terms of water vapor concentration. Spatial gradients of vapor concentration, inherent in the notion of quasi-steady growth, are discussed and we argue for an occasiona...

The nuclear magnetic resonance line widths of water sorbed on solid bovine serum albumin have been determined as functions of temperature and water content of the albumin samples. The results indicate that, depending on its amount, the sorbed water may exist in three different states or arrangements. The first of these involves direct binding of water molecules to available polar groups on the ...

Extraction and separation of proteins is important for their interesting applications as continuous enzymatic reaction and/or product separation systems. In this work, a new highly efficient homogeneous capture and heterogeneous liquid–liquid separation strategy is presented for the extraction of proteins from aqueous solution by PEG (poly(ethylene glycol))-functionalized ionic liquids, which h...

This work concerns dryout experiments in which a tube, initially containing water, filled up or partially filled and at 1,2 or 3 atmosphere pressures, is heated. The initial water column experience three thermal regions. The first region, called the first period, involves heating of the tube until saturation conditions are obtained in the water. Boiling of the water in the tube causes swelling ...

Increases in cloud optical depth and liquid water path (LWP) are robust features of global warming model simulations in high latitudes, yielding a negative shortwave cloud feedback, but the mechanisms are still uncertain. We assess the importance of microphysical processes for the negative optical depth feedback by perturbing temperature in the microphysics schemes of two aquaplanet models, bot...