BACKGROUND Drug shortages are currently on the rise. In-depth investigation of the problem is necessary, however, a variety of definitions for 'drug shortages' are formulated in legislations, by different organizations, authorities, and other initiatives. For international comparison, the underlying definition for drug shortages is important to allow appropriate interpretation of national datab...

BACKGROUND Drug shortages are a global problem. While extensively studied in the United States, numbers about drug shortages in European countries are scarce. This study aims to collect and present data about drug shortages in European countries. METHODS A reporting template for the collection of data about drug shortages was designed based on a literature search. Countries offering a reporti...

In this paper the investment and liquidation policy of a levered firm is analyzed. The possibility of renegotiating the original debt contract is included. It is shown that the shareholders’ option to restructure the outstanding debt exacerbates Myers’ (1977) underinvestment problem. This result is due to a higher wealth transfer from the shareholders to the creditors occurring upon investment ...

In this paper we demonstrate an inherent con‡ict that can arise in a …rm between inducing ex ante e¢ cient monitoring and liquidation decisions by outside claimholders. This tension arises because the choice of liquidation decision when …rm prospects are uncertain will in‡uence incentives for monitoring to produce information about …rm prospects. We show that when high levels of outside monitor...

This paper deals with numerical solutions to an impulse control problem arising from optimal portfolio liquidation with bid-ask spread and market price impact penalizing speedy execution trades. The corresponding dynamic programming (DP) equation is a quasi-variational inequality (QVI) with solvency constraint satisfied by the value function in the sense of constrained viscosity solutions. By t...

Restructuring of coal mines requires significant budgetary expenditure. A complex scientific approach will facilitate the conduction management costs hard liquidation. An analysis mine’s liquidation was carried out on an annual basis with division for subsequent years course processes. The presented method signalling that has gone beyond structure acceptable values developed 20 operations SRK S...