Over the last three decades, livestock exclosure research has emerged as a preferred method to evaluate the ecology of riparian ecosystems and their susceptibility to livestock impacts. This research has addressed the effects of livestock exclusion on many characteristics of riparian ecosystems, including vegetation, aquatic and terrestrial animals, and geomorphology. This paper reviews, critiq...

Landless systems are used throughout the world, under temperate and tropical conditions as well as in developed and developing nations. The major factor determining the use of landless systems appears to be the relative cost of grains and the availability of feed byproducts. Prices of animal products are also determinants of the system used. There are advantages and disadvantages in using these...

Results obtained in the QLIF subproject 4 have provided recommendations to farmers and stakeholders on how to improve organic livestock farming. Progress was made in areas of housing, feeding and management. Often the recommendations are straightforward, and ready for implementation. In other areas challenges remain. In some cases, progress with respect to one objective has created new challeng...

Livestock farming systems encompass (i) grazing, (ii) mixed, and (iii) land-less systems. These systems convert crop protein into animal protein with an efficiency ranging from 5% to 45%, depending on animal type, system and management. The nitrogen (N) in the remaining fraction (55– 95%) is in urine and dung, and is conducive to N losses. This paper reviews N input–output budgets and N losses ...

Agriculture is responsible for a significant proportion of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (perhaps 18% globally), and therefore has the potential to contribute to efforts to reduce emissions as a means of minimising the risk of dangerous climate change. The largest contributions to emissions are attributed to ruminant methane production and nitrous oxide from animal waste and fert...

A framework for the integration of poultry and fish production in the tropics and sub-tropics is proposed. Poultry may be integrated with fish culture in several ways and benefits extend to both. Both poultry production and processing wastes have value as nutrient inputs to fish and the water used for fish culture can be used for evaporative cooling of poultry and fertilization of crops. The co...