eaf plants normally consume coal and coke as reactants, alloying elements, or fuel. the price of these materials varies from € 0.20-0.35/kg. this is while nearly 10 million pieces of tires are annually discarded in iran. the present study shows that scrap tires can be used as a substitute for coal and coke in eaf plants. thirteen grades of steel including low, medium, and high carbon steels as ...

The unique properties of air-cooled bainitic steels have been described. A series of Mn containing air-cooled bainitic steels invented by authors is presented in this paper: including low carbon granular bainitic steels, low carbon grain-boundary allotriomorphic ferrite/granular bainite duplex steels, medium and medium high carbon bainite/martensite duplex steel, and low carbon carbide free bai...

Presented here is a method to analyze carbon content in low alloy and carbon steels, utilizing the technique of handheld laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (HH LIBS). The method specifies the SciAps Z-200, the world’s only handheld analyzer capable of analyzing carbon content in alloys. The Z-200 uses a pulsed, 1064 nm laser, operating at 5.5 mJ/pulse and 50 Hz repetition rate. The onboard sp...

High-strength-low-alloy reinforcement bar steels prepared by vanadium microalloying methods have the potential to dramatically reduce embodied energy and carbon footprint of buildings.