Capoeta damascina was earlier considered by many authors as one of the most common freshwater fish species found throughout the Levant, Mesopotamia, Turkey, and Iran. However, owing to a high variation in morphological characters among and within its various populations, 17 nominal species were described, several of which were regarded as valid by subsequent revising authors. Capoeta damascina ...

The physiological stress response results in release of glucocorticoid hormones such as corticosterone (CORT). Whereas short-term activation of this response helps animals cope with environmental stressors, chronic activation can result in negative effects including metabolic dysregulation and reproductive failure. However, there is no consensus hormonal profile of a chronically stressed animal...

To evaluate the mechanisms responsible for relationships between body mass and maximum take-off performance in birds, we studied four species in the Phasianidae: northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), chukar (Alectoris chukar), ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). These species vary in body mass from 0.2 to 5.3 kg, and they use flight almost solely...

Wing-assisted incline running (WAIR) in birds combines the use of the wings and hindlimbs to ascend otherwise insurmountable obstacles. It is a means of escape in precocial birds before they are able to fly, and it is used by a variety of juvenile and adult birds as an alternative to flight for exploiting complex three-dimensional environments at the interface of the ground and air. WAIR and co...

BACKGROUND Pectoralis minor muscle length is believed to play an important role in shoulder pain and dysfunction. Current clinical procedures for assessing pectoralis minor muscle length may not provide the most useful information for clinical decision making. OBJECTIVE To establish the reliability and construct validity of a novel technique to measure pectoralis minor muscle length under act...

We observed a rare variant case of Poland syndrome in a 55-year-old male cadaver in gross anatomy dissection room at department of Anatomy school of Medicine. His past and family history was not remarkable. The outward appearance of anterior thoracic wall, deltoid and shoulder regions revealed obvious abnormalities. Upon dissection, the following features were observed: (1) On the right side, t...

background: evaluation of herbicide pollution in aquatic environments needs the great concern and the most important echo-pollutant effects of herbicides are related to their effects on non target aquatic organisms. native fish can serve as a proper bio-indicator for evaluation  of pollution on aquatic ecosystems. objectives: to find environmentally friendly herbicides, in this study the acute ...

We have analyzed anatomic variations in the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) and compared them to anatomic variations in these muscles in humans (Homo sapiens). We have macroscopically dissected these muscles in six adult Pan troglodytes, five Pan paniscus of ages ranging from fetus to adult, and five adult Homo sap...

Trichopodus, the genus of dwarf gourami fish, is oldest in Osphronemidae family, with six valid species, three which are found Sumatra. In this study, status, distribution, and morphometrics Trichopodus leerii, T. pectoralis, trichopterus from Sumatra were observed analyzed. Although these species can be distinguished based on phenotypic characteristics, it still possible to misidentify them sm...