allergic rhinitis (ar) is an ige-mediated upper airway disease, and its impact on asthma has been widely recognized. protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (ptpn22) gene and the cytotoxic t-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (ctla-4) gene polymorphisms have been reported to be associated with several immune-related diseases. here we investigated the reffect of these two genes’ polymorphisms ...

BACKGROUND The cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 gene (CTLA-4) encode the T cell receptor involved in the control of T cell proliferation and mediates T cell apoptosis. The receptor protein is a specific T lymphocyte surface antigen that is detected on cells only after antigen presentation. Thus, CTLA-4 is directly involved in both immune and autoimmune responses and may be involved i...

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is a critical immunoregulatory molecule (expressed on activated T cells and a subset of regulatory T cells) capable of down-regulating T cell activation. Blockade of CTLA-4 has been shown in animal models to improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy. We thus treated 14 patients with metastatic melanoma by using serial i.v. administrat...

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) targeted therapy by anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) is highly effective in cancer patients. However, it is extremely expensive and potentially produces autoimmune-related adverse effects. Therefore, the development of a method to evaluate CTLA-4 expression prior to CTLA-4-targeted therapy is expected to open doors to evidence-based and ...

Adoptive transfer of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T cells from the DO.11 TCR transgenic mouse on a Rag(-/-) background into mice expressing OVA in pancreatic islet cells induces acute insulitis and diabetes only if endogenous lymphocytes, including regulatory T cells, are removed. When wild-type OVA-specific/Rag(-/-) T cells, which are all CD25(-), are transferred into islet antigen-expressing mice...

Virus-specific cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+) cytotoxic T cells (CTL) recognize viral antigens presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chains on infected hepatocytes, with help from CD4+ T cells. However, this CTL response is frequently weak or undetectable in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Programmed cell death 1 (P...

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) plays a critical role in negatively regulating T cell responses and has also been implicated in the development and function of natural FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells. CTLA-4-deficient mice develop fatal, early onset lymphoproliferative disease. However, chimeric mice containing both CTLA-4-deficient and -sufficient bone marrow (BM)-derived cells do not de...

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is essential for immunological (self-) tolerance, but due to the early fatality of CTLA-4 KO mice, its specific function in central and peripheral tolerance and in different systemic diseases remains to be determined. Here, we further examined the role of CTLA-4 by abrogating CTLA-4 expression in adult mice and compared the resulting autoimmunity that f...

Mounting evidence in models of both autoimmunity and chronic viral infection suggests that the outcome of T cell activation is critically impacted by the constellation of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors expressed on the cell surface. Here, we identified a critical role for the co-inhibitory SLAM family member 2B4 (CD244) in attenuating primary antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses...

allergic rhinitis (ar) is an ige-mediated upper airway disease, and its impact on asthma has been widely recognized. protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (ptpn22) gene and the cytotoxic t-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (ctla-4) gene polymorphisms have been reported to be associated with several immune-related diseases. here we investigated the reffect of these two genes’ polymorphisms ...