Standard approaches to the theory of financial markets are based on equilibrium and efficiency. Here we develop an alternative concepts methods developed by biologists, in which wealth invested a strategy is like abundance species. We study toy model market consisting value investors, trend followers noise traders. show that average returns strategies strongly density dependent, i.e. they depen...

This paper comprises a review of the evidence for the possibility that exposure to noise may damage the vestibular receptors in the internal ear as well as those in the cochlea. The review covers lay and medical publications, observations on patients, experimental studies, and compensation claims. It concludes that the verdict must be "not proven"-that is, although such damage is possible, the ...

Interference spikes were noted on the electrocardiogram of a patient with an implanted demand pacemaker. Runaway malfunction was suspected and the generator replaced. Subsequent investigation showec that the interference originated from fasciculation in the left leg caused by underlying neuromuscular disease. Skeletal muscle potentials can produce an electrocardiographic appearance closely rese...

One safeguard against instrument malfunction is to provide backup instruments for machine operators. In previous studies, prior training caused operators of a simulated machine to adapt to instrument malfunction by adopting a suboptimal decision rule rather than by reallocating attention to backup instruments. One hypothesis for these findings is that operators do not notice when their main ins...