OBJECTIVE This article is the first in a series of international case studies developed by the American Cancer Society to illustrate use of publicly available surveillance data for regional tobacco control. DESIGN A descriptive analysis of Brazil and Paraguay cigarette production and trade data from official sources. METHODS Per capita cigarette consumption for Brazil and its neighbour was ...

The aim of this study is to define and introduce the variable of export entrepreneurship and factors affecting it in a global export-centric model. However, we seek to find the effect of the variables of export entrepreneurship and export market orientation‎ on export performance. To test the research hypotheses, a sample of 296 people employed in food and agricultural products company located ...

Among agricultural products in Iran, pistachio is one of the major export products that can produce foreign currency. The present study evaluated factors affecting pistachio export earnings instability and its effect on agricultural export during the studied period. For this purpose, export earnings instability index was calculated using "average absolute difference between export earnings and ...

Recent studies find that China exported goods of relatively high product sophistication, which are not compatible to China’s economic development level. In this paper we use detailed product-level and firm-level data to examine the determination of product sophistication level of Chinese exports in the period 1998-2005, in particular the role of foreign firms. In our study we distinguish betwee...

The bacterial flagellum is a supramolecular structure consisting of a basal body, a hook and a filament. Most of the flagellar components are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane by the flagellar type III protein export apparatus in the vicinity of the flagellar base, diffuse down the narrow channel through the nascent structure and self-assemble at its distal end with the help of a cap...

Until now, identification of components of the flagellar protein export apparatus has been indirect. We have now identified these components directly by establishing whether mutants defective in putative export components could translocate export substrates across the cytoplasmic membrane into the periplasmic space. Hook-type proteins could be exported to the periplasm of rod mutants, indicatin...

The bacterial flagellar type III export apparatus, which is required for flagellar assembly beyond the cell membranes, consists of a transmembrane export gate complex and a cytoplasmic ATPase complex. FlhA, FlhB, FliP, FliQ, and FliR form the gate complex inside the basal body MS ring, although FliO is required for efficient export gate formation in Salmonella enterica. However, it remains unkn...

This study aims to determine the export competitiveness of East Java manufactured products based on harmonized system (HS) through Revealed Comparative Trade Advantage (RTA) analysis cluster superior manufacturing in districts/cities with largest share industry using Location Quotient (LQ), as well analyzing determinants exports destination country trading partners short and long term Vector Er...

Oilseed rape, a crop requiring a high level of nitogen (N) fertilizers, is characterized by low N use efficiency. To identify the limiting factors involved in the N use efficiency of winter oilseed rape, the response to low N supply was investigated at the vegetative stage in 10 genotypes by using long-term pulse-chase (15)N labelling and studying the physiological processes of leaf N remobiliz...