BACKGROUND The prevalence of allergy in athletes is increasing, and its risk varies across sports. The risk is dependent mainly on the ventilation rate and environmental factors; however, the prevalence of allergy in elite runners remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen allergy symptoms in elite marathon runners by using a validated questionnaire for screening allergy in...

We introduce orbital functionals ∫ β simultaneously for each commensurability class of orbital surfaces. They are realized on infinitely dimensional orbital divisor spaces spanned by (arithmetic-geodesic real 2-dimensional) orbital curves on any orbital surface. We discover infinitely many of them on each commensurability class of orbital Picard surfaces, which are real 4-spaces with cusps and ...

This paper looks at the value of achievements by examining the implications of a highly plausible axiological principle, the principle of Recursion, as developed by Thomas Hurka. According to Recursion, the pursuit of a good is itself good, and the pursuit of a bad is bad. I consider three possible ways of understanding how Recursion works, and the implications of these construals for the value...

OBJECTIVE To explore the hydration strategies of marathon runners, their sources of information and knowledge about fluid intake in the marathon, and their understanding of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH). DESIGN Anonymized questionnaire. SETTING London Marathon. PARTICIPANTS Marathon race participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Responses regarding planned fluid consumption, volume t...

PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate associations between skeletal muscle mass, body fat and training characteristics with running times in master athletes (age > 35 years) in half-marathon, marathon and ultra-marathon. METHODS We compared skeletal muscle mass, body fat and training characteristics in master half-marathoners (n=103), master marathoners (n=91) and master ult...

The open window theory indicates altered immunity 3 to 72 hours after exercise. The J-curve describes the risk of illness in response to exercise. The aim of this study was to examine the secretion of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines before and after long-term strenuous exercise. Fourteen marathon and 16 half-marathon runners and 10 military cadets participating in a military ran...

BACKGROUND Physical performance often declines in middle age, but it is unclear to what extent this is due to biological aging. It can be difficult to determine whether such physical changes are truly age-related, as they might alternatively be explained as the negative consequences of a sedentary lifestyle. METHODS We assessed the endurance of a physically active subgroup of the population b...

OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the inflammatory response and delayed onset of muscle soreness after a marathon are altered by resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid antioxidant. DESIGN Double blind placebo-controlled randomised pilot study. SETTING London Marathon. PARTICIPANTS Marathon race participants. INTERVENTIONS 7 healthy male athletes were randomised to receive Resvera...

Previous studies have demonstrated the physiological changes induced by exercise exposure in hot environments. We investigated the hematological and oxidative changes and tissue damage induced by marathon race in different thermal conditions. Twenty-six male runners completed the São Paulo International Marathon both in hot environment (HE) and in temperate environment (TE). Blood and urine sam...

OBJECTIVE To describe the incidence of injuries and other health problems sustained during participation in a marathon. METHODS A cohort study was undertaken involving the 1993 Auckland Citibank marathon participants. Demographic data and information on injuries and other health problems sustained during, immediately after, and 7 d following the marathon were obtained from a pre-race question...