What is a latent variable? • A variable that is not observable or is not directly measurable. • A variable that is measured with error or can only be measured with error. • A latent variable can be used to represent a 'true' variable which is measured with error, OR a single conceptual variable, OR a construct which is a summarization of a complex concept. Examples of 'true' variables that are ...

Measurement error data or errors-in-variable data are often collected in many studies. Natural criterion functions are often unavailable for general functional measurement error models due to the lack of information on the distribution of the unobservable covariates. Typically, the parameter estimation is via solving estimating equations. In addition, the construction of such estimating equatio...

Lubricant film thickness is the most informative variable that reflects lubrication conditions and transmission efficiency in mechanical equipment, therefore its measurement highly important. Despite a large number of theoretical models have been developed to describe lubricant film, complexities uncertainties real tribo-pair contact still hinder implementation accurate robust methods in-situ m...

The ability to engineer both linear and nonlinear coupling with a mechanical resonator is an important goal for the preparation and investigation of macroscopic mechanical quantum behavior. In this work, a measurement based scheme is presented where linear or square mechanical-displacement coupling can be achieved using the optomechanical interaction that is linearly proportional to the mechani...

background: patients undergone mechanical ventilation need rapid and reliable evaluation of their respiratory status. monitoring of end-tidal carbon dioxide (etco2) as a surrogate, noninvasive measurement of arterial carbon dioxide (paco2) is one of the methods used for this purpose in intubated patients. objectives: the aim of the present trial was to study the relationship between end-tidal c...