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The progress of industry integrated circuits in recent years has been pushed by continuous miniaturization of transistors. With the reduction of dimensions of components at 0.1 micron and below, new physical effects come into play as the standard simulators of two dimensions (2D) do not consider. In fact the third dimension comes into play because the transverse and longitudinal dimensions of t...

Technologies for designing and building microelectronics-based computational equipment have been steadily advancing ever since the first commercial discrete circuits (ICs) were introduced in the late 1950s (1) (monolithic integrated circuits were introduced in the 1960s). As predicted by Moore's law in the 1960s (2), integrated-circuit density has been doubling approximately every 18 months, an...

Most modern entertainment gadgets, equipment and tools incorporate integrated circuits that perform some specific functions that make the entertainment experience fascinating for users. From the simple toys for toddlers to the complex game studios in casinos, hardware forms a major component of entertainment technology. With the advent of integrated circuits, and subsequent development of CMOS ...