The evolution of microbial populations in simple environments such as chemostats is still not fully understood. The classical interpretation of adaptation involves a process of successive substitution whereby a new dominant genotype arises by mutation from the genotype previously dominant and spreads more or less rapidly through the population until it is nearly fixed. The population is, thus, ...

william chittick, currently professor of religious studies at the state university of new york (stony brook), is an internationally renowned expert on islamic thought. his contributions to the fields of sufism and islamic philosophy have helped paint a clearer picture of the intellectual and spiritual landscape of islamic civilization from the 7th/13th century onwards. yet chittick is not simpl...

Our investigation used carbendazim as a representative pesticide for testing an integrated soil microcosm (ISM) test protocol. Microcosms, set up in a greenhouse, consisted of cylinders made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe, 7.5 cm (i.d.) x 15 cm high. A fine nylon mesh was placed across the bottom of each microcosm for leachate collection. Field soil, (silty clay loam), collected fro...