This paper reports the results of an eye-tracking during reading experiment carried out in order to investigate the online processing of the French modal verbs devoir ("must") and pouvoir ("can/may"). The nature – ambiguous/homonymic, polysemous or monosemic/under-specified – of the modals is tested through the manipulation in sentences of the root or epistemic meaning of the modal as well as t...

Language use in novel accordance with the context of sentence and according to events that occur story such as direct sentences indirect sentences. The purposes this study are know kinds modal auxiliary verb function used City Heavenly Fire Novel written by Cassandra Clare. This is descriptive qualitative research object discussed about data collection techniques observation literature review. ...

This paper provides a contrastive account of agent demotion in German and Polish. While is relatively broad term that often used including mere backgrounding, the focus on lexical morphosyntactic means allow for agents to be omitted entirely, such as different forms passive voice, reflexive constructions, generic pronouns or unaccusative verbs with impersonal subjects (among others). It argued ...

In addition to its use in plain future assertions, gaa is also used to make epistemic modal claims that lack future orientation. (2a) is an epistemic modal claim with present temporal orientation. The indicative non-modal counterpart of (2a) is (2b). In (2a) the auxiliary bears subjunctive mood morphology and the particle gaa, whereas in (2b) the present indicative auxiliary hai is used. The fe...

In this paper, we try the classification of adverbs. The method for classifying adverbs is not known well, compared with nouns or verbs. The difficulty comes from vagueness of the relation between adverbs and other words. Using a corpus and an existing thesaurus, we investigate the elements which play an important role in the classification of adverbs. We got experimental results which showed t...

In languages like German or Dutch, the distinction between unergative and unaccusative verbs is borne out by a number of syntactic tests. Unergative verbs appear in impersonal passives while unaccusative verbs do not (cf. Perlmutter (1978)). Unergative verbs select the perfect auxiliary haben/hebben (to have) while unaccusative verbs select sein/zijn (to be) (cf. Hoekstra (1984)). Unaccusative ...

The present contribution deals with the epistemic readings of the Italian modal verbs dovere ('must') and potere ('may'/'can'). The two verbs show striking differences — both quantitative and qualitative — with respect to the possibility of epistemic interpretation, differences which have gone so far completely unnoticed in the — rather scarce — semantic literature on modal verbs in Italian. Ev...

In Early Modern Persian prose and verse, verbs with a present stem accompanied by grapheme "-y" have been used to express modal concepts of imperative and command or invocation and request. Researchers, regardless of the historical changes of Early Modern Persian, believe that this structure of  subjunctive 2nd person singular has been used to express imperative mood, and that &q...

This paper describes a model of the choice of modal verbs and modal particles. The choice mechanism does not require a modality-specific input as, e.g., a modal logical formula. Instead semantic (modal force) and pragmatic constraints (speech act marking) are applied to the available information on the whole and constrain the set of modal candidates to those that are appropriate in the respecti...

The article presents a new view on Chinese modal verbs as part of speech. Based the typology language, authors analyzed according to their functional-syntactic, formal-morphological, and semantic features in order importance. discusses position operators sentence other characteristics. For instance, have no impact object cannot independently form sentences or combine with grammemes. Therefore, ...