It is well known that Standard Deontic Logic (SDL) suffers from a number of troubling paradoxes. Despite many years of efforts to resolve the paradoxes, there is no consensus that such efforts have been successful, and indeed [Hansen, 2006] argues that the paradoxes are “alive and kicking.” These continued difficulties with SDL motivate careful study of nonstandard deontic logics, such as Chish...

suhrawardi’s logic of the hikmat al-ishraq is basically modal. so to understand his modal logic one first has to know the non-modal part upon which his modal logic is built. in my previous paper ‘suhrawardi on syllogisms’(3) i discussed the former in detail. the present paper is an exposition of his treatment of modal syllogisms. on the basis of some reasonable existential presuppositions and a...

Temporal logic can be used to describe desirable properties of a system in a more abstract, less constructive, manner than when using process algebra alone. This is a well researched area for other process algebras, but not so for LOTOS. This paper is an initial attempt to fill that gap by investigating the use of the modal -calculus with Basic LOTOS, laying the groundwork for current work on F...

this paper presents an overview of model updating and particularly its application for updating of frame model. in this article a mathematical model of the frame was produced with finite element method. the frame was subjected to hammer modal testing. then the results of the modal testing were compared with those predicted with the model. this comparison revealed discrepancies between these two...

A hybrid modal expansion that combines the free field Green's function and a modal expansion will be presented in this paper based on a review and an extension of the existing modal analysis theories for the sound field in enclosures. The enclosed sound field will be separated into the direct field and reverberant field, which have been treated together in the traditional modal analysis. Studie...

DRAFT Abstract Temporal logic can be used to describe desirable properties of a system in a more abstract, less constructive manner than when using process algebra alone. This is a well researched area for other process algebras, but not so for LOTOS. This paper is an initial attempt to ll that gap by investigating the use of the modal-calculus with Basic LOTOS, laying the groundwork for work o...

the present paper sets out to investigate the syntactic category of persian modals, šâyad ‘perhaps’ and bâyad ‘must’. the syntactic category of the two modal elements has been viewed differently by different scholars. a number of scholars argue that both šâyad and bâyad are modal auxiliaries, while others claim that they both are modal adverbs. we propose that šâyad is a modal adverb and bâyad ...

(Abstract) In [6] Prior proposed a modal calculus, M IP C, which is an extension of the intuitionist propositional calculus. This system, which I call S 5 IC, turns out to be the intuitionist analogue of Lewis's S 5 in the sense that 1) S 5 IC plus A ∨ ¬A is equivalent to S 5 , 2) collapsing the modal operators yields Heyting's calculus. The question as to whether S 5 IC is to be considered ana...

Our first job was to adapt the causal partial order of events to the new context of object oriented distributed applications. We want to order method invocations, method executions and blocks of code. By this way we adopt an approach based on a logic of action where only two events are needed : the begin and the end of the action. Then the causal ordering of distributed objects applications is ...

Nonmonotonic logics are usually characterized by the presence of some notion of ‘conditional’ that fails monotonicity. Research on nonmonotonic logics is therefore largely concerned with the defeasibility of argument forms and the associated normality (or abnormality) of its constituents. In contrast, defeasible modes of inference aim to formalize the defeasible aspects of modal notions such as...