Reasoning with conditionals involving causal content is known to be affected by retrieval of alternative and disabling conditions. Recent evidence indicates that besides the number of stored conditions, the relative strength of association of the alternative conditions with the consequent term is another important factor that affects the retrieval process. In this study we examined the effect o...

The four dominant theories of reasoning from conditionals are translated into formal models: The theory of mental models (Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Byrne, R. M. J. (2002). Conditionals: a theory of meaning, pragmatics, and inference. Psychological Review, 109, 646-678), the suppositional theory (Evans, J. S. B. T., & Over, D. E. (2004). If. Oxford: Oxford University Press), a dual-process variant...

It is shown how the schema of equivalence can be used to obtain short proofs of tautologies A, where the depth of proofs is linear in the number of variables in A. Eq (A, B, C arbitrary formulas) is the propositional pendant of the schema of identity. It can be argued that, apart form the usual propositional tautologies and inference schemas which are given as axiomatizations of propositional l...

Multi-valued Fredkin gates (MVFG) are reversible gates and they can be considered as modified version of the better known reversible gate the Fredkin gate. Reversible logic gates are circuits that have the same number of inputs and outputs and have one-to-one and onto mapping between vectors of inputs and outputs; thus the vector of input states can be always reconstructed from the vectors of o...

This paper begins with a review of the literature on plausible reasoning with deductive arguments containing a conditional premise. There is concurring evidence that people presented with valid conditional arguments such as Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens generally do not endorse the conclusion, but rather find it uncertain, in case (1) the plausibility of the major conditional premise is debata...

with conventional expert systems, it is clear that 1) 2) 3) AARS can reduce the size of the rule base; AARS uses linguistic variables rather than quantitative variables; AARS increases the system's flexibility. In future research, we expect to 1) associate observation P,' and rule R , with certainty factors CF, and CF, and derive a certainty factor for consequent experiment with other forms of ...

The authors investigated the relationship between reasoners' understanding of subjunctive conditionals (e.g., if p had happened, then q would have happened) and the inferences they were prepared to endorse. Reasoners who made a counterfactual interpretation of subjunctive statements (i.e., they judged the statement to imply that p and q did not happen) endorsed different inferences than those w...

I argue against group agent realism, or the view that groups have irreducible mental states. If agents states, as realists assume, then best realist explanation of corporate features only basic states with at most one motivational function each. But does not feature So lack How so? defend conditional an argument from disagreement. On cognitivist approaches to desire, desires both motivate and r...

The aim of this article is to verify two predictions resulting from the mental models theory of conditional reasoning. First, the denial of antecedent (DA) and modus tollens (MT) inferences should take longer to verify than modus ponens (MP) and af®rmation of consequent (AC) because the former require subjects to ̄esh out the initial model whereas the latter do not. This prediction was con®rmed...

We address an argument by Floridi (2009, 2011), to the effect that digital and analogue are not features of reality, only of modes of presentation of reality. One can therefore have an informational ontology, like Floridi’s Informational Structural Realism, without commitment to a supposedly digital or analogue world. After introducing the topic in Section 1, in Section 2 we explain what the pr...