background: an effective method for management of large and bulky malignant tumors. this treatment modality is also known as specially fractionated radiation therapy (sfrt). in this treatment technique a grid block converted the open radiation field into a series of pencil beams. dosimetric characteristics of an external beam grid radiation field have been investigated using experimental and mo...

GTNEUT is a two-dimensional code for the calculation of the transport of neutral particles in fusion plasmas. It is based on the Transmission and Escape Probabilities (TEP) method and can be considered a computationally efficient alternative to traditional Monte Carlo methods. The code has been benchmarked extensively against Monte Carlo and has been used to model the distribution of neutrals i...

Introduction: The CT machine utilizes a bowtie filter to shape the X-ray beam and remove lower energy photons. Configuration of this bowtie filter is complex and its geometry is often not available in detail. It causes the CT dose index (CTDI) be with the different values in measurement versus Monte Carlo simulation studies and other analytical calculations. It is important esp...

Monte Carlo simulations are nowadays an essential tool in emission tomography (Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography— SPECT and Positron Emission Tomography—PET), for assisting system design and optimizing imaging and processing protocols. Several Monte Carlo simulation software are currently available for modeling SPECT and PET configurations. This paper presents an overview of current tr...