defamiliarization, the artistic technique of presenting to audiences common things in an unfamiliar or strange way in order to enhance perception of the familiar, is the main function of artistic literature. paradox is one of its techniques. paradox is used either syntactically or semantically. ibn al-farid was a mystic sufi poet gifted by mystical perceptions in addition to his poetic talents....

utopian literature, in terms of content, includes the dream of a world with better and ideal conditions or an image of favorable and yet abstract (nowhere) world. based on a single main motivation, nostalgia and the desire to return to eternal origin and due to the intellectual paradigms form them, this genre has formed certain structures. from the perspective of realizing the origin and having...

the tendency to say things indirectly rather than being explicit is one of the most evident qualities of contemporary arabic poetry. to achieve this indirectness, the contemporary poets make use of numerous devices including innuendo. the “jesus after crucifixion” ode by sayy?b is one the primary examples of this novel literary technique. since the technique of innuendo is based on the elements...

gaston bachelard, the philosopher, mathematician, physicist and french literary critic, relying on the four elements of water, wind, earth and fire, provided a new way of critique in the literature .in his critique, the poet in his mind envisions the idea of ​​dreams and imagination, and thought into words, then, he converts these ideas into poetic images in the shape of words. according to him...

“synopsis and explainer” methodological discussion has been reflexed, in literary domain, as stipulation and constraint; but synopsis explanation seems being different to what happens in methodology because sometimes the meanings of lexical items and combinations are given on individual, probabilistic, and untrustworthy interpretations. present paper, applying few lines of nasser khosrow’s seco...