Movement disorders are frequently a result of prescription drugs or of illicit drug use. This article focuses on prescribed drugs but briefly mentions drugs of abuse. The main emphasis is on movement disorders caused by dopamine receptor-blocking agents. However, movement disorders caused by other drugs are also briefly discussed.

Movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, tremor, and dystonia, are among the most common neurological conditions and affect millions of patients. Although medications are the mainstay of therapy for movement disorders, neurosurgery has played an important role in their management for the past 50 years. Surgery is now a viable and safe option for patients with medically intractable Parki...

Parkinson’s disease is associated with motor complications, especially dyskinesias, which limit dopaminergic replacement therapy. Safinamide is a water-soluble, orally active a-aminoamide derivative that modulates dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission with a unique dual mechanism of action. It improves motor symptoms, motor complications, quality of life and ‘on’ and ‘off’ time even ...

Abnormal movements and postures resulting from primary psychiatric disease are a diagnostic dilemma because all types of movement disorders may be mimicked by a psychogenic disease, including akinetic-rigid and hyperkinetic disorders, with the latter more frequent, particularly tremor, myoclonus, and dystonia (Williams et al., 2005; Reich, 2006). Psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs), are a val...

The pathophysiology of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) is traditionally characterised as substantia nigra degeneration, but careful examination of the widespread neuropathological changes suggests individual differences in neuronal vulnerability. A major limitation to studies of disease progression in PD has been that conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide relative...

This review concentrates on the definition and classification of degenerative movement disorders in which Parkinsonian symptoms are often prominent. The pathological spectrum and clinical manifestations of Lewy body disease are described, and associations with Alzheimer's disease and motor neuron disease are explored. A classification of pallidonigral degenerations is based on clinical features...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pediatric movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of symptoms that occur in the context of a large number of different neurological diseases. Accurate diagnosis and quantification of these disorders is essential for determining outcome, appropriate treatment, and criteria for inclusion in research trials. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in diagn...

Speech movement disorders, as a consequence of nervous system impairment, are relatively common, being associated with numerous nervous system diseases, stroke, brain trauma, and congenital abnormalities. Disorders of speech movements may manifest as the only problem in communication or they may co-occur with impairments in language function. For this reason, and mostly as a matter of scientifi...

In this paper the use of PET for determining the patterns of disruption of both regional cerebral metabolism, and the pre- and post-synaptic dopaminergic systems, associated with movement disorders is reviewed. That the various akinetic-rigid syndromes result in distinctive PET findings is shown, making functional imaging valuable in their differential diagnosis. PET may also be useful for dete...

854 September 2016, Vol. 106, No. 9 Disability from movement disorders is often seen as par for the course in the ageing process. It is the price paid by those who are lucky enough to grow old. There are, however, also young patients who develop Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dystonia and have to discontinue their profession owing to a severely disabling tremor or task-specific dystonia, such as ...