Bilateral agreements signed or that entered into force between 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021 and; Multilateral signed/acceded/ratified 2021.
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Nowadays, information plays an important role in organizations. Sensitive information is often stored in databases. Traditional mechanisms such as encryption, access control, and authentication cannot provide a high level of confidence. Therefore, the existence of Intrusion Detection Systems in databases is necessary. In this paper, we propose an intrusion detection system for detecting attacks...

India needs reliable good quality database and methodologies for designing, implementing and monitoring climate-friendly policies. This paper focuses on the database needs for policies in the context of multilateral frameworks. It provides suggestions to the Central Statistical Organization (CSO for improving the adequacy and quality of environmental statistics relating to climate change in Ind...

Are negotiators who rely on justice principles in the process of bargaining and drafting agreements more—or rather less—effective than others? This article examines whether adherence to principles of procedural and distributive justice in negotiations contributes to more effective results, with a focus on international environmental negotiations. Effectiveness is defined in terms of the extent ...

Increasing attention has been focused in recent years on the need for multilateral negotiation processes in the disarmament and arms control field to “think outside the box” in addressing contemporary challenges. But beyond recognition that there are imperfections in current approaches, it is not always clear that the parameters of the existing box are sufficiently understood or, indeed, what t...

I examine if and how a superpower can use its asymmetric power to achieve favorable outcomes in multilateral bargaining between states that have conflicting interests and veto power. Using a game-theoretic framework, I show that the ability to act outside, either unilaterally or with an ally, helps the superpower to reach agreements that would be vetoed in the absence of the outside option. The...

This article examines new multilateral food and agriculture development programs implemented in response to the 2008 Global Food Crisis. These programs, which seek to increase agricultural investment and production in developing countries, have gained wide currency among donors, recipient governments and multilateral organizations. Given the significant financial and political resources committ...

i am going to assess shortcomings of transaction cost economics (tce) of oliver williamson. my argument is that this analysis suffers from misidentification of the relevant problem of the theory, analytical incoherence, inconsistent empirical support and methodological defects. in formulating coase's fundamental idea, williamson accepts an efficient equilibrium which occurs once forever, t...