Abstract The Boris algorithm, a closely related variational integrator and newly proposed filtered are studied when they used to numerically integrate the equations of motion charged particle in mildly non-uniform strong magnetic field, taking step sizes that much larger than period Larmor rotations. For algorithm standard (unfiltered) integrator, satisfactory behaviour is only obtained compone...

Abstract The article seeks, first, to demonstrate how the concept of development has been used in different ways throughout history. classical developmentalist authors understood phenomenon as a complex process, which involved structural changes, sectoral economic transformations, political projects social change and action planning by various actors. Developmentalist ideas influenced sophistic...