Important factors involved in odontogenesis in mouse dental papillae disappear between the pre- and post-natal stages of development. Therefore, we hypothesized that certain genes involved in odontogenesis in dental papillae were subject to pre-/post-natal down-regulation. Our goal was to identify, by microarray analysis, which genes were down-regulated. Dental papillae were isolated from embry...

Honeybees learn the spatial relationship between the sun's pattern of movement and the landscape immediately surrounding their nest, which allows bees to locate the sun under overcast skies by reference to the landscape alone. Surprisingly, when bees have been transplanted from their natal landscape to a rotated twin landscape - such as from one treeline to a similar but differently oriented tr...

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A 4-day-old male baby presented with congenitally erupted two teeth on lower jaw since birth resulting in difficulty in breast feeding. Oral examination showed ulceratio...

objective(s):skin extracellular matrix, which contains type i and type iii collagens, is involved in skin development. the aim of this study was to investigate type iii collagen distribution pattern as well as its changes during pre and post-natal skin morphogenesis in rats. materials and methods: ventral skins of wistar rat embryos at different stages from 10 to 20 gestational day (e10-e20) an...

the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two regimes during rats' gestation and lactation on learning, memory and motor function of their offspring. for this purpose, female rats (albino-wistar) were obtained from pasteur institute, iran. after mating, 12 pregnant rats were divided into three groups and they had their special regimes during their last week of pregnancy as we...

This study discusses problems and facilities in pre-natal and post-natal conditions of rural women at Palosi Peshawar, focusing on the various components of pre and post-natal conditions and facilities available in the area. The researcher selected 30 beneficiaries through purposive sampling technique. Questionnaire and interview schedule were used as the tools of data collection. Data was anal...

Several marine animals, including salmon and sea turtles, disperse across vast expanses of ocean before returning as adults to their natal areas to reproduce. How animals accomplish such feats of natal homing has remained an enduring mystery. Salmon are known to use chemical cues to identify their home rivers at the end of spawning migrations. Such cues, however, do not extend far enough into t...