This review is devoted to the marine bacterial producers of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent non-protein neuroparalytic toxin. In addition to the issues of the ecology and distribution of TTX-producing bacteria, this review examines issues relating to toxin migration from bacteria to TTX-bearing animals. It is shown that the mechanism of TTX extraction from toxin-producing bacteria to the environme...

Crude toxin was prepared by lyophilization and extraction of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa from four natural sources and a unicellular laboratory culture. The responses of cultures of liver (Mahlavu and PCL/PRF/5), lung (MRC-5), cervix (HeLa), ovary (CHO-K1), and kidney (BGM, MA-104, and Vero) cell lines to these preparations did not differ significantly from one another, indicating that toxicit...

K28 is a viral A/B protein toxin that intoxicates yeast and fungal cells by endocytosis and retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although toxin translocation into the cytosol occurs on the oxidized α/β heterodimer, the precise mechanism of how the toxin crosses the ER membrane is unknown. Here we identify pH-triggered, toxin-intrinsic thiol rearrangements that crucially contr...

The effect of Helminthosporium sacchari (HS) toxin isomers and related, pathogen-produced compounds on dark CO(2) fixation in HS-susceptible sugar cane leaf slices was investigated. HS toxin consists of a mixture of three isomeric bis-5-O-(beta-galactofuranosyl)-beta-galactofuranosides (A, B, and C) differing in the position of one double bond in the sesquiterpene aglycone. Maximum inhibition o...

BACKGROUND: Clostridium septicum has played a significant role as a causative agent of many acute fetal diseases in man and animals. Alpha- toxin is the main factor in the pathogenesis of C. septicum with hemolytic, necrotic and lethal activities. OBJECTIVES: The study was designed to evaluate alpha-toxin purification and antibody production rate against a local strain of C. septicum NH2 which ...

Botulinum toxin is a natural purified protein and one of the strongest biological poisons--neurotoxin. It is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Its medical usage started in USA in 1981 and in Europe in 1992. There are seven different immune types of the toxin: A, B, C1, D, E, F and G. Toxin types A and B are used to decrease muscular spasticity. Botulinum toxin prevents the format...

association of cluster headache and secondary blepharospasm bagheri a, md*; mohammadi m, md; khosravi fard k, md; harooni g, md ophthalmic research center, shahid beheshti university of medical sciences, tehran, iran * corresponding author: [email protected] purpose: to report a case of cluster headache associated with secondary blepharospasm and its management. case report: a 37-year-old ...

conclusions antimicrobial and antitoxigenic properties of natural products need a firmly established criterion before they could be offered to application. results a significant reduction in aflatoxin production was noted which was not due to the inhibitory effect but because of antifungal property of the oil. interestingly, the oil promoted toxin production for the reasons yet to be investigat...

introduction: widespread medical usage of botulinum toxins has increased the need for the precise analysis of its biological activity. the aim of this study was production and crystallization of the botulinum type a toxins. methods: in this study, clostridium botulinum was grown and inoculated into the tripticase soya broth culture media, under anaerobic condition and toxin production was monit...