The existence of cytosine methylation in mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a controversial subject. Because detection of DNA methylation depends on resistance of 5'-modified cytosines to bisulfite-catalyzed conversion to uracil, examined parameters that affect technical adequacy of mtDNA methylation analysis. Negative control amplicons (NCAs) devoid of cytosine methylation were amplified t...

Specimens of the genus Orobdella Oka, 1895 from Kunashir Island, the Kuril Islands, are identified as Orobdellakawakatsuorum Richardson, 1975. Mitochondrial tRNA(Leu) and ND1 data confirm the species identification of the Kunashir specimens. This is the first record of the genus Orobdella from the Kuril Islands.

One of the native catfish to Indonesia is baung fish (Hemibagrus). Baung are found in rivers Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java. The population declining, thus conservation needed prevent extinction. To conduct an effective efforts, molecular studies confirm species from three islands. Mitochondrial DNA one markers that often used see lineage kinship animals for purposes. purpose this study determine...

Spin wave excitations were measured in the ferromagnetic phase of Nd1/2Sr1/2MnO3 by neutron scattering. This compound is located in proximity to the A-type antiferromagnetic state, and it shows a clear anisotropy and anomalous softening of the spin wave excitations. The softening in the ferromagnetic phase is induced by the orbital ordering.