BACKGROUND Numerous techniques have been used to achieve long-term projection of the nipple following nipple-areola reconstruction. However, the reconstructed nipple loses projection over time. We describe a technique that uses local flaps to improve the lost projection of reconstructed nipples. METHODS Between November 2013 and March 2015, nine patients (11 nipples) underwent revisional nipp...

INTRODUCTION: The nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) improves aesthetic results after breast reconstruction through preservation of the entire skin envelope, obviating the need for reconstruction of the nipple areola complex (NAC). NSM, however, is associated with a higher risk for occult pathology and skin necrosis, which can require resection and compromise the reconstructive outcome. In DIEP fl...

Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA Correspondence: Dr Wendy W Wong, Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Suite 21126CP, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA. Telephone 909-558-8085, fax 909-558-4175, e-mail [email protected] As more women undergo breast reconstruction following mastectomy, the necessity of excellent ...

We have described a surgical method that enhances the visual aesthetic outcome of the areola periphery in nipple-areola complex reconstruction. This technique is performed immediately following closure of the nipple flap. The created areolar outline can aid the tattoo artist and may result in a more natural-appearing areola periphery than tattooing methods alone.

AIMS To find a pre-operative test for nipple and areola involvement in breast cancer. METHODS Areola-tumour distance was measured in 140 consecutive patients (median age 45, range: 23-83) undergoing a mastectomy. We analysed whether nipple and areola correlated with areola-tumour distance, tumour size, nodal status, perinodal involvement and lymphatic embolization. RESULTS The nipple was in...

INTRODUCTION: The nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) improves aesthetic results after breast reconstruction through preservation of the entire skin envelope, obviating the need for reconstruction of the nipple areola complex (NAC). NSM, however, is associated with a higher risk for occult pathology and skin necrosis, which can require resection and compromise the reconstructive outcome. In DIEP fl...

The long-term projection of nipple reconstruction is a challenge. Fifty-eight consecutive female patients underwent 58 nipple reconstructions with modified top hat flap with cartilage graft following breast reconstruction in 54 autologous tissues and 4 implants, respectively. The average neonipple size was 11.5 mm initially and 8.5 mm at a mean follow-up of 44.9 months (range, 24-65 months), wi...

BACKGROUND Skin flap necrosis is a common complication after mastectomy and breast reconstruction. It has been proven that nitroglycerin ointment, as a topical vasodilator, can decrease the rate of skin flap necrosis after mastectomy and breast reconstruction. However, nitroglycerin can cause several side effects, including headache, dizziness, and hypotension. The purpose of this study was to ...