Free radical can be defined as a molecule or molecular fragments containing unpaired electron in the outer orbital, which react with nearby molecules to get stability. There are two types of them in the body: oxygen free radicals and nitrogen free radicals. Our body has an antioxidant defense system which prevents accumulation of these radicals. There is a balance between free radical productio...

Cryptococcus neoformans PKH2-01 and PKH2-02 are orthologous to mammalian PDK1 kinase genes. Although orthologs of these kinases have been extensively studied in S. cerevisiae, little is known about their function in pathogenic fungi. In this study, we show that PKH2-02 but not PKH2-01 is required for C. neoformans to tolerate cell wall, oxidative, nitrosative, and antifungal drug stress. Deleti...

Mitochondrial oxidative stress significantly contributes to the underlying pathology of several devastating neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondria are highly sensitive to the damaging effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; therefore, these organelles are equipped with a number of free radical scavenging systems. In particular, the mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) pool is a critical ...

IFNgamma is a potent immunomodulator which plays important roles in host defense. IFNgamma modulates transcription of growth-related genes [N-myc downstream regulator 1, growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gamma and inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2)], which is followed by increased growth suppression in the mouse hepatoma cell line, H6. Further studies revealed modulation of genes involved in...

Microarray studies of the Escherichia coli response to nitric oxide and nitrosative stress have suggested that additional transcriptional regulators of this response remain to be characterized. We identify here the product of the yjeB gene as a negative regulator of the transcription of the ytfE, hmpA and ygbA genes, all of which are known to be upregulated by nitrosative stress. Transcriptiona...

Neuroglobin is a neuron-specific hexacoordinated globin capable of binding various ligands, including O2, NO, and CO, the biological function of which is still uncertain. Various studies seem to indicate that neuroglobin is a neuroprotective agent when overexpressed, acting as a potent inhibitor of oxidative and nitrosative stress. In this study, we evaluated the pathophysiological response of ...

Reversible chemical modifications of protein cysteine residues by S-nitrosylation and S-oxidation are increasingly recognized as important regulatory mechanisms for many protein classes associated with cellular signaling and stress response. Both modifications may theoretically occur under cellular nitrosative or nitroxidative stress. Therefore, a proteomic isotope-coded approach to parallel, q...