Circular loops are the most common MR detectors. Loop arrays offer improved signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and spatial resolution, and enable parallel imaging. As loop size decreases, loop noise increases relative to sample noise, ultimately dominating the SNR. Here, relative noise contributions from the sample and the coil are quantified by a coil noise figure (NF), NF(coil), which adds to the ...

We measure the frequency-resolved noise figure of fiber optical parametric amplifiers both in phase-insensitive and phase-sensitive modes in the frequency range from 0.03 to 3 GHz. We also measure the variation in noise figure due to the degradation in pump optical signal to noise ratio and also as a function of the input signal powers. Noise figure degradation due to stimulated Brillouin scatt...

A universal description of the hyperfine splittings (HFS) in bottomonium and the Bq (q 1⁄4 n, s, c) mesons is obtained with a universal strong coupling constant sð Þ 1⁄4 0:310 in a spin-spin potential. Other characteristics are calculated within the field correlator method, taking the freezing value of the strong coupling independent of nf. The HFS MðB Þ MðBÞ 1⁄4 45:5ð1Þ MeV, MðB sÞ MðBsÞ 1⁄4 4...

Avalanche photodiode detectors have and will continue to be used in many diverse applications such as laser range finders and photon correlation studies. This paper discusses APD structures, critical performance parameters and the excess noise factor.

The sensitivity of communications systems is limited by noise. Noise figure for low noise amplifier (LNA) design is highly relevant for LNA’s prima-facie function for adding as low as noise to be added to the desired signal amplification when simulated for system level configuration for varied frequencies ranges. In this paper the noise figure was analyzed as performance parameter for S-band fo...

We investigate effects of amplified spontaneous emission noise (ASE), noise figure (NF) and dispersion chromatic on the performance of DWDM networks using distributed optical fiber Raman amplifiers (DRAs) in two different pump configurations, i.e., forward and backward pumping. We found that the pumping configurations, ASE noise, and dispersion play an important role in network performance impr...