Spectral shade ratios, defined as the ratios of the spectral irradiances on horizontal and sun normal planes in the tree shade to those on a horizontal plane in sunlight, were calculated. These planes were in the shade of an isolated medium canopy density tree and a sparse canopy density tree at the tree shade sites of the centre, edge and trunk. The sun normal plane was employed as there are s...

Learning to reconstruct depths in a single image by watching unlabeled videos via deep convolutional network (DCN) is attracting significant attention in recent years, e.g.(Zhou et al. 2017). In this paper, we introduce a surface normal representation for unsupervised depth estimation framework. Our estimated depths are constrained to be compatible with predicted normals, yielding more robust g...

many researchers have been efforted to identify the shape of distribution of stress and strength of castellated beam and base on that, offer a method for design that members. through this methods, comparing virendil method by simplicity and reasonable results, have been used widly. regardless from shortcoming of this method, there is two idea for distribution of stresses via primary bending in ...

We discuss a quasi-particle formulation of effective edge theories for the fractional quantum Hall effect. Fundamental quasi-particles for the Laughlin state with filling fraction ν = 1 3 are edge electrons of charge −e and edge quasi-holes of charge + e 3. These quasi-particles satisfy exclusion statistics in the sense of Haldane. We exploit algebraic properties of edge electrons to derive a k...