In the past, gift-giving has interested mainly anthropologists because it was taken to be a primitive mode of exchange. Recent contributions of economists acknowledge however that gift-giving is still present in modern exchange economies. In this paper gifts are characterized by motivations. Two main features of gift giving are to be explained: (in-)adequacy and (non-)reciprocity. It is argued ...

The aim of this paper to explain gift-giving by means of social approval. In a simple framework we are able to account for a number of stylized facts. These are that gift-giving is often reciprocal, that gifts tend to be inadequate, and that gift-giving is sometimes reduced after a monetary compensation is o¤ered. The implication for the interaction between gift-giving and the market institutio...

CONCLUSION High frequency immittance measurements demonstrate promise in clarifying middle ear status for neonates but age- and gender-specific norms should be consulted. OBJECTIVE To describe high frequency immittance measurements using a 1000 Hz probe tone for a sample of 278 neonatal ears (0-4 weeks of age) in order to compile normative tympanometric and acoustic reflex criteria. SUBJECT...

This study aimed to use a novel high-resolution manometry (HRM) system to establish normative values for deglutitive upper esophageal sphincter (UES) relaxation. Seventy-five asymptomatic controls were studied. A solid-state HRM assembly with 36 circumferential sensors spaced 1 cm apart was positioned to record from the hypopharynx to the stomach. Subjects performed ten 5-ml water swallows and ...

We present a theoretical model of a linear public good game in which heterogeneous players express social approval after observing contributions. The model explains how social approval is expressed and predicts positive contributions if subjects have a preference for social approval. Using a controlled laboratory experiment we test our model. In the experiment, subjects conduct computerized tas...

In this paper, we present the annotation purposes for a personal as well as for a collective use. In the context of digital documents, annotation systems allow not only to annotate passages but also to comment or reply to annotations within discussion threads (similar feature than forum’s one). Thus, readers can express their points of view, debate and even reach a consensus about annotated pas...

This paper empirically investigates the impact of normative social influence on group homogeneity in media preferences and group meeting outcomes in a setting where 58 student groups voluntarily used various communication media over a three-month software development project period. Group homogeneity in media preferences was argued to mediate the impact of normative social influence on group me...

The “Hedonistic Paradox” states that homo economicus, or someone who seeks happiness for himor herself, will not find it, but the person who helps others will. This study examines two questions in connection with happiness and generosity. First, do more generous people, as identified in dictator experiments, report on average greater happiness, or subjective well-being, as measured by responses...