Human behaviors are motivated not only by materialistic rewards but also by abstract social rewards, such as the approval of others. When choosing an action in social situations, to evaluate each action, the brain must convert different types of reward (such as money or social approval) into a common scale. Here using fMRI, we investigated the neural correlates of such valuation computations wh...

CONTEXT Quantitative estimates of the magnitude, direction, and rate of change of health inequalities play a crucial role in creating and assessing policies aimed at eliminating the disproportionate burden of disease in disadvantaged populations. It is generally assumed that the measurement of health inequalities is a value-neutral process, providing objective data that are then interpreted usi...

the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of positive normative feedback on acquisition and retention of throwing skill. the method was quasi-experimental and the population consisted of the 5th grade elementary female students. 60 students were randomly selected from the population and were randomly assigned to four different groups: normative task-orientation, non-normative task-ori...

Those who would defend the possibility of objective normative properties owe us plausible examples of what such a property might be, how our normative discourse and practices might reflect or be shaped by it, and how we might be able to speak of it and know it. Discussions of normativity have tended to focus on deontic or directive (ought/ought not) judgments rather than evaluative (good/bad) j...

When asked which of our concepts are normative concepts, metaethicists would be quick to list such as good, ought, and reason. why belong on the list, much slower respond. Eklund (2017) is a notable exception. He argues by elimination for “the Normative Role view” that in virtue having “normative role” or being “used normatively” (2017, p. 79). One view aims eliminate Metaphysical referring pro...

This study examines the impact of legitimacy on the dynamics of interorganizational networks within the nongovernmental organizations’ children’s rights community. The 27-year period of analysis included a critical community event: the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). Building on theories of organizational evolution, hypotheses proposed that (1) ...

Normative dimensions constitute one of the important elements in the Theory of Reasoned Action (TORA) model. However, the changes of lifestyle over period and different societies have spurred the TORA model constitution and also to vary interpretation of the model itself towards intention to purchase the green food product.Therefore, this paper aims to explorethe underlying dimensionsof normati...

The authors look at online tip exchanges as parts of gift economies created by the players and designers of console and online role-playing games in Taiwan. A group of experienced players and tip contributors agreed to be interviewed about the mechanisms and processes of providing free strategy guides on the Internet. Their comments reveal needs for social approval and networking in addition to...

In the realm of philosophy and other theoretical discourses, there are many different paths to the turn from the modern to the postmodern, representing a complex genealogy of diverse and often divergent trails through different disciplines and cultural terrains. One pathway moves through an irrationalist tradition from romanticism to existentialism to French postmodernism via the figures of Nie...