Noroviruses cause the majority of epidemic outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Human norovirus strains do not grow in cell culture, but recent carbohydrate binding, sequence and structural analyses have begun to define functional domains in the norovirus capsid that may be conserved among multiple antigenic types. The purpose of this study was to localize domains and define sequ...

The First International Workshop on Human Caliciviruses was held from 29 to 31 March 1999 at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. The attendance of over 100 scientists specializing in diverse fields (including civilian and military clinical medicine, basic research, epidemiology, public health, food and water safety, environmental protection, and veterinary medicine) from ...

Until the early 1970s, the cause of most gastroenteritis was unknown. Cases were attributed to the known infectious agents, mainly bacteria, and many other causes, including teething, weaning, diet, old age, drugs, and malnutrition. In 1972, immune electron microscopy of fecal specimens derived from an outbreak at a school in Norwalk, Ohio, USA, resulted in the identification of Norwalk virus, ...

Noroviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in the United States. To determine the magnitude and duration of virus shedding in feces, we evaluated persons who had been experimentally infected with Norwalk virus. Of 16 persons, clinical gastroenteritis (watery diarrhea and/or vomiting) developed in 11; symptomatic illness lasted 1-2 days. Virus shedding was first detected by r...

BACKGROUND  Noroviruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the United States. An understanding of the infectious dose of these viruses is important for risk assessment studies. METHODS  Healthy adults were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of different dosages of Norwalk virus. Eligible subjects were monitored for clinical gastroenteritis, and ...

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's information collection rule requires the use of 1MDS electropositive filters for concentrating enteric viruses from water, but unfortunately, these filters are not cost-effective for routine viral monitoring. In this study, an inexpensive electropositive cartridge filter, the NanoCeram filter, was evaluated for its ability to concentrate enteroviruses ...

A multicenter, collaborative trial was performed to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of a previously described method for the detection of Norwalk virus in shellfish tissues with the PCR (R.L. Atmar, F. H. Neill, J. L. Romalde, F. Le Guyader, C. M. Woodley, T. G. Metcalf, and M. K. Estes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3014-3018, 1995). Virus was added to the stomachs and hepatopancre...