According to Karl Popper, science cannot verify its theories empirically, but it can falsify them, and that suffices account for scientific progress. For a law or theory remains pure conjecture, probability equal zero, however massively corroborated empirically may be. But does just seem be the case laws theories. We trust our lives such verifications when we fly in aeroplanes, cross bridges ta...

The centipede had a terrible problem: he was developing a case of extremely painful arthritis. For expert help on the matter, he sought out a wise old owl. The owl pondered the problem and told the centipede that he should turn himself into a frog, since frogs do not get arthritis. The centipede was very happy until he realized that he knew no way he could turn himself into a frog. He returned ...

the purpose of this study barriers and challenges to the development of swimming in iran sports university has focuses on mental and physical health between students and academics. thus the existence of justice is essential to increase its quality in this critical environment. this study investigates distributive and interactive justice in athletic departments' countries universities. popu...

It is a commonplace of modal metaphysics that belief in possible worlds not only burdens one with a large ontology but also raises metaphysical problems concerning their existence and identity conditions and epistemological problems concerning the justification of one’s belief in them. In this paper, we challenge this commonplace and show that belief in possible worlds doesn’t necessarily burde...

A wave of recent work in metaphysics seeks to undermine the anti-reductionist, functionalist consensus of the past few decades in cognitive science and philosophy of mind. That consensus apparently legitimated a focus on what systems do, without necessarily and always requiring attention to the details of how systems are constituted. The new metaphysical challenge contends that many states and ...

As is widely known, the onset of the First World War in 1914 produced a wide range of reactions from the intelligentsia of the countries at war, not only in Germany, but also, particularly, in France and England as well. Nevertheless, in Germany it was especially the philosophers who felt called upon to explain the meaning of the war in their own domain, i.e., philosophically. In this paper I w...

James Croll (1821–90) occupies a prominent position in the history of physical geology, and his pioneering work on the causes of long-term climate change has been widely discussed. During his life he benefited from the patronage of leading men of science; his participation in scientific debates was widely acknowledged, not least through his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1876. For...

In an effort to articulate a naturalized concept of karma for the purposes of contemporary ethical reflection, this paper raises four critical questions about the Buddhist doctrine of karma. The paper asks (1) about the advisability of linking the concept of karma to assurance of ultimate cosmic justice through the doctrine of rebirth; (2) about the effects of this link on the quest for human j...