It has been previously established that a bulbar relay plays an important role in descending inhibition of spinal dorsal horn nociceptive neurons and nociceptive reflexes produced by stimulation in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). In the present study, selected receptor antagonists were microinjected into the medial medullary nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) to determine whether descending inh...

The nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGI) is located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla and has noticeable connections with some other brain nuclei, such as locus ceruleus, nucleus raphe magnus and periaqueductal gray. In rats it is 3 mm in rostrocaudal and 1 mm in mediolateral and 1 mm in the dorsolateral aspect. Anatomically and functionally, PGI has been divided into two subnuclei, retrofaci...

2 hypothermic response to CO Raphe magnus nucleus is involved in ventilatory but not You might find this additional info useful... physiology, especially those papers emphasizing adaptive and integrative mechanisms. It is published 12 times a publishes original papers that deal with diverse area of research in applied

BACKGROUND The descending antinociceptive system (DAS) is thought to play crucial roles in the antinociceptive effect of spinal cord stimulation (SCS), especially through its serotonergic pathway. The nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) in the rostral ventromedial medulla is a major source of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] to the DAS, but the role of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in the ventral...

To investigate the release profile of met-enkephalin, β-endorphin, and dynorphin-A in ruminants' CNS, goats were stimulated by electroacupuncture of 0, 2, 40, 60, 80, or 100 Hz for 30 min. The pain threshold was measured using potassium iontophoresis. The peptide levels were determined with SABC immunohistochemisty. The results showed that 60 Hz increased pain threshold by 91%; its increasing r...

Acupuncture has been accepted to effectively treat chronic pain by inserting needles into the specific "acupuncture points" (acupoints) on the patient's body. During the last decades, our understanding of how the brain processes acupuncture analgesia has undergone considerable development. Acupuncture analgesia is manifested only when the intricate feeling (soreness, numbness, heaviness and dis...

Osteoarthritis currently has no cure. Acupuncture can benefit patients with knee osteoarthritis by providing pain relief, improving joint function and serving as an effective complement to standard care. However, the underlying mechanisms of its effects are still not completely understood. The present study, an investigation of the effectiveness and mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) in atte...

Floquet theory provides rigorous foundations for the theory of periodically driven quantum systems. In the case of non-periodic driving, however, the situation is not so well understood. Here, we provide a critical review of the theoretical framework developed for quasi-periodically driven quantum systems. Although the theoretical footing is still under development, we argue that quasiperiodica...

1227. Familiality of fatal measles infections in Iceland, 1882. Analysis of a reconstructed patient cohort from a major epidemic Magnus Gottfredsson, MD, PhD; Sandra Gunnarsdottir, BS; Haraldur Briem, MD, PhD; Ingileif Jonsdottir, PhD; Kari Stefansson, MD, PhD; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Infectious Diseases, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Icelan...

1. Henrekson suggests that I draw ‘normative’ conclusions regarding the optimal level of selfemployment. I do not. I have simply argued that there is neither empirical evidence nor theory that tells us what the optimal rate of self-employment is or should be. Consequently, it is virtually impossible to know at any one moment of time whether a higher or lower selfemployment rate is better. For a...