Nowadays, with extending applications of bi-layer metallic sheets in different industrial sectors, accurate specification of each layer is very prominent to achieve desired properties. In order to predict behavior of sheets under different forming modes and determining rupture limit and necking, the concept of Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) is used. Optimization problem with objective functions an...

Abstract Linear proportional solenoid (LPS) is widely applied in different linear motion control systems as the electromagnetic actuator since its high reliability and low cost. LPS difficult to optimize by changing a single variable due amounts of structural design parameters, each parameter has nonlinear relationship with static force. This paper aims improve LPS’s push force response perform...