conclusions complete rupture of the facial nerve is challenging and the treatment is surgery, which requires careful planning. introduction facial paralysis is a devastating condition with profound functional, aesthetic and psychosocial consequences. tumors within or outside the skull, bell’s palsy and trauma are the most common causes of facial paralysis in adults. case presentation our patien...

We report the case of a 43 year old man who presented recurrent left abducens palsy. His medical history included arterial hypertension, ischemic cardiomiopathy, dyslipidemia, rhinitis, maxillary sinusitis. Physical examination revealed a overweight patient, horizontal gaze diplopia, left nerve VI paresis, mild left retro-orbital pain. The orbital MRI also didn't offer new information: mild ext...

introduction the abducent nucleus is located in the upper part of the rhomboid fossa beneath the fourth ventricle in the caudal portion of the pons. the abducent nerve courses from its nucleus, to innervate the lateral rectus muscle. this nerve has the longest subarachnoid course of all the cranial nerves, it is the cranial nerve most vulnerable to trauma. it has been reported that 1% to 2.7% o...

I read with interest the article by Gautam, et al. [1]. I agree that brainstem tuberculoma can cause nuclear gaze palsy and fascinating neuro-ophthalmological findings. However, I think further clarification regarding pathophysiological mechanism of the gaze palsy may be interesting for the readers. Particularly, two points I want to raise are: difficulty in differentiating pathological lesions...

PURPOSE In its early course, multiple sclerosis (MS) manifests in a variety of symptoms so that ophthalmologists should know that the ocular problems are often the first sign of the disease and may predict additional demyelinating events. METHOD The author have reviewed the data in the recent literature about the ocular problems in the early stages of MS. RESULTS The initial signs of MS are...

tuberculous spondylitis is not an uncommon disease of the spine. near one percent of all cases of spinal tuberculosis (tb) involves craniocervical junction. hypoglossal nerve palsy is not an uncommon neurological finding, but isolated involvement of the hypoglossal nerve is rare and limited to case reports or small case series. here, we report a case of craniocervical junction tuberculosis pres...

purpose: to evaluate demographics and therapeutic outcomes of patients with third nerve palsy who had been treated between 1999 to 2009 at labbafinejad medical center. methods: in this retrospective study, we evaluated 52 patients with third nerve palsy who had been referred to labbafinejad medical center over a ten-year period. results: in this retrospective study, subjects who had been treate...

BACKGROUND Postoperative vision loss following routine nasal surgery is an extremely rare and devastating complication. We report a case of unilateral blindness due to central retinal artery occlusion associated with third cranial nerve following septoplasty. CASE REPORT We report a patient who developed an unusual central retinal artery occlusion with unilateral blindness following nasal sur...

CLINICAL CASE A 38-year old female with diplopia and esotropia, with limitation of ocular abduction in both eyes, with full abduction after doll's head rotation also being observed. She was diagnosed with spasm of the near reflex. Treatment with injections of botulinum toxin in both medial rectus has temporally resolved the convergence spasm. DISCUSSION Near reflex spasm is characterized as m...

Trochlear nerve palsy is rarely encountered in children and only 5% are truly isolated. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is also extremely uncommon in children. This report describes an otherwise healthy 10-year-old boy who presented with a 5-day history of vertical diplopia with associated dizziness, decreased appetite, and unsteadiness. He had no recent history of infection and no previous history of ...